Learning CHEMISTRY for IIT JEE

Sunday, January 31, 2016

IIT JEE Chemistry-12th Portion - Study Guide - 1. Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding

IIT JEE Chemistry 12th class portion starts from here.

Based on Book by Jauhar CBSE 12th class

Sections in the Chapter

1.1 Dual Nature of Radiation
1.2 Dual Nature of Matter - de-Broglie Equation
1.3 Heisengberg's Uncertainty Principle
1.4 Wave Mechanical Model of Atom and Concept of Atomic Orbital
1.5 Quantum Numbers
1.6 Pauli's Exclusion Principles
1.7 Orbital Wave Functions and Shapes of Orbitals
1.8 Electronic Configurations of Atoms
1.9 Chemical Bonding
1.10 REview of Valency Bond Theory
1.11 Molecular Orbital Theory
1.12 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) Method
1.13 Relative Energies of Bonding and Antibonding Molecular Orbitals
1.14 Combination of 2s and 2p Atomic Orbitals to form Molecular Orbitals
1.15 Conditions for the Combination of Atomic Orbitals
1.16 Energy Level diagram for Molecular Orbitals
1.17 Rules for Filling Molecualr Orbitals
1.18 Electronic Configurations and Molecular Behavior
1.19 Bonding in Some Diatomic Molecules
1.20 Metallic Bond
1.21 Hybridisation
1.22 Intermolecular Forces
1.23 Hydrogen Bonding

Study Plan

Day 1

1.1 Dual Nature of Radiation
Video Lectures - 1.1 Dual Nature of Radiation Class XII Chemistry
Pratice Problems 1.1 to 1.12

Day 2

1.2 Dual Nature of Matter - de-Broglie Equation
P.P. 1.13 to 1.22

Day 3

1.3 Heisengberg's Uncertainty Principle
P.P. 1.23 to 1.29

Day 4
1.4 Wave Mechanical Model of Atom and Concept of Atomic Orbital
P.P. 1.30 to 1.31

Day 5
1.5 Quantum Numbers
1.6 Pauli's Exclusion Principles
P.P. 1.32 to 1.35

Day 6
1.7 Orbital Wave Functions and Shapes of Orbitals
1.8 Electronic Configurations of Atoms

Day 7

1.9 Chemical Bonding
1.10 Review of Valency Bond Theory
1.11 Molecular Orbital Theory
1.12 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) Method
1.13 Relative Energies of Bonding and Antibonding Molecular Orbitals

Day 8

1.14 Combination of 2s and 2p Atomic Orbitals to form Molecular Orbitals
1.15 Conditions for the Combination of Atomic Orbitals
P.P. 1.36 to 1.37
1.16 Energy Level diagram for Molecular Orbitals
1.17 Rules for Filling Molecualr Orbitals
1.18 Electronic Configurations and Molecular Behavior

Day 9

1.19 Bonding in Some Diatomic Molecules
P.P. 1.38 to 1.45

Day 10
1.20 Metallic Bond

Day 11
1.21 Hybridisation
1.22 Intermolecular Forces

Day 12

1.23 Hydrogen Bonding
P.P. 1.44 to 1.47

Day 13

Additional numerical problems 1 to 20

day 14

Conceptual questions 1 to 40

Day 15
Key facts to remember
Revision exercises very short answer questions 1 to 30

Revision Period (30 minutes per day)

Day 16

Revision exercises very short answer questions 31 to 50

day 17
Revision exercises very short answer questions 51 to 65

Day 18

Revision exercises short answer questions 1 to 15

Day 19
Revision exercises short answer questions 16 to 30

Day 20
Revision exercises short answer questions 31 to 45

Day 21
Revision exercises short answer questions 46 to 60

Day 22
Revision exercises short answer questions 61 to 78

Day 23
Some useful facts for competitive examinations
Nemerical problems for competitive examinations 1 to 5

Day 24
Nemerical problems for competitive examinations 6 to 13

Day 25
Multiple choice questions 1 to 20

Day 26

Multiple choice questions 21 to 40

Day 27
Multiple choice questions 41 to 63

Day 28
Fill in the blanks 1 to 15

Day 29
True or false 15

Day 30
Matching
Concept revision

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Frankly Chemistry

Updated 31 Jan 2016, 2009

Saturday, January 30, 2016

Saturday, January 9, 2016

JEE Main - Core Revision Points - 6. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Importance of Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.

Content of the Chapter

6.1 Causes of Chemical Combination
6.2 Lewis symbols
6.3 Octet Rule and Modes of Chemical Combination
6.4 Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
6.5 Covalent Bond
6.6 General Properties of Covalent Bond
6.7 Coordinate Covalent Bond
6.8 Formation of Ionic Bond
6.9 Lattice Enthalpy of Ionic Crystals
6.10 Born-Haber Cycle for Lattice Enthalpies
6.11 General Properties of Ionic Bonds
6.12 Geometry of Shapes of Molecules
6.13 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
6.14 Electronegativity – Polar and Non-Polar Character of Covalent Bonds
6.15 Valence Bond Approach of Covalent Bond
6.16 Bonding Parameters
6.17 Resonance
6.18 Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds
6.19 Metallic Bonding
6.20 Hydrogen Bonding

6.1 Causes of Chemical Combination

Except for noble gases, no other element exists as independent atom in ordinary conditions. Most of these atoms exist as molecules.

The attractive force which holds together the constituent particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) in a chemical species is known as chemical bond.

The tendency of elements to combine with one another is directly related to valency or valence of the element. Valency depends on the electronic configuration. W. Kossel and G.N.Lewis made important contributions in the development of theories of chemical bonding.

6.2 Lewis symbols
6.3 Octet Rule and Modes of Chemical Combination
6.4 Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
6.5 Covalent Bond
6.6 General Properties of Covalent Bond
6.7 Coordinate Covalent Bond
6.8 Formation of Ionic Bond
6.9 Lattice Enthalpy of Ionic Crystals
6.10 Born-Haber Cycle for Lattice Enthalpies
6.11 General Properties of Ionic Bonds
6.12 Geometry of Shapes of Molecules
6.13 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
6.14 Electronegativity – Polar and Non-Polar Character of Covalent Bonds
6.15 Valence Bond Approach of Covalent Bond
6.16 Bonding Parameters
6.17 Resonance
6.18 Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds
6.19 Metallic Bonding
6.20 Hydrogen Bonding

Updated 9 Jan 2016, 21 May 2015

Chemistry Knowledge History - January

Chemistry History
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/January.html

January 1

Cigarettes in the US must carry warning label, "Caution: Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health," since 1966, mandated by the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965. Since then, labeling requirements have evolved.

Harriet Brooks born 1876: radioactivity, particularly radon (element, 86) as an emanation from radium.
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay born 1852: discovered europium (Eu, element 63); spectroscopic evidence of the discovery of radium (Ra, 88)

International Year of Chemistry, an initiative of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), began in 2011.

Robert John Kane proposed existence of ethyl radical (ethereum) in 1833.

Harold Urey and co-workers announced discovery of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen (H, element 1), 1932.

January 2

Roger Adams born 1889: organic synthesis. An ACS award in organic synthesis is named for Adams.
Isaac Asimov born 1920: biochemist; author of hundreds of books in science fiction and many non-fiction subjects.

Rudolf Clausius born 1822: fundamental contributions to thermodynamics and kinetic theory of gases; coined the term entropy.

Charles Hatchett born 1765: discovered niobium (Nb, element 41), which he called columbium

Walter Heitler born 1904: quantum-mechanical treatment of molecular hydrogen (Heitler-London approach).

January 3

Henry Bradley, Binghamton, NY, patented oleomargarine (U.S. Patent No. 110,626) in 1871.

Keith James Laidler born 1916: chemical kinetics; history of physical chemistry and of science and technology.
Spirit rover, a NASA geochemistry robot, lands on Mars, 2004, looking for evidence of water.

January 4
Herbert Henry Dow, founder of Dow Chemical, prepared bromine from brine, 1891.
Aristid Victor Grosse born 1905: isolated protactinium (Pa, element 91); 235U fission by slow neutrons
Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau born 1737: one-time defender of phlogiston theory, chemical affinities, chemical nomenclature.

Richard Royce Schrock born 1945: high-oxidation-state transition-metal complexes; metathesis reactions and catalysts; Nobel Prize, 2005.

John Edgar Teeple born 1874: industrial chemistry and chemical economics; Perkin medal.

Florence Emeline Wall born 1893: cosmetic chemistry.

January 5

Joseph Erlanger born 1874: electrophysiology of nerves; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1944.
George Washington Carver died 1943 (born c. 1860): food chemistry, particularly known for peanuts and sweet potatoes.

January 6

John Van Nostrand Dorr born 1872: chemical engineer and inventor
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer born 1914: chemical bonding and quantum mechanics.
Stuart Alan Rice born 1932: statistical mechanics and transport phenomena; phase transitions.

January 7

Eilhard Mitscherlich born 1794: crystal structure, catalysis, benzene and its derivatives; discovered chemical isomorphism
Henry Enfield Roscoe born 1833: chemical action of light; co-inventor of actinometer; first to isolate vanadium (V, element 23). Read his biography of Dalton and his autobiography .
John Ernest Walker born 1941: mechanism of ATP synthesis; Nobel Prize, 1997

January 8
John Allen Veatch found borax in mineral water at Tuscan Springs, CA, 1856.

January 9

Birthdays

Richard Abegg 1869: valence, especially Abegg's rule that the difference between the maximum positive and negative valence of an element is frequently eight.

John Werner Cahn 1928: thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions and diffusion; interfacial phenomena; periodic and quasi-periodic structures ("quasicrystals").

Alec Jeffreys 1950: genetic fingerprinting; see US Patent 5,413,908.

Har Gobind Khorana 1922: first synthesis of an artificial gene; interpretation of genetic code and protein synthesis function; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1968

Søren Sørensen 1868: indroduced concept of pH as a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; research on proteins, amino acids, and enzymes

January 10

Sune Karl Bergström born 1916: purification and structure of prostaglandins; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1982.
Katharine Burr Blodgett born 1898: thin films (Langmuir-Blodgett films); anti-reflective coatings; gas-surface interactions; Garvan Medal, 1951

Frederick Gardner Cottrell born 1877: nitrogen fixation, liquefaction of gases, recovery of helium; invented electrostatic precipitator (Cottrell precipitator, US patent 895,729) for removing particles from gases

January 11
Frederick Mark Becket born 1875: inventor in electrochemistry and electrometallurgy

Roger Guillemin born 1924: function and synthesis of hypothalamic hormones; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1977.

January 12
Johan August Arfwedson born 1792: discovered lithium (Li, 3) in the mineral petalite.

Ruth Rogan Benerito born 1916: fat emulsions and transport of fat in animals; properties of cellulose (with applications to fabrics, particularly cotton)

Jan Baptista van Helmont born 1579: coined the term gas; experiment investigating whether vegetable life came from a single, element (water). Read three short excerpts from his writings and see the title page of his book on medicine.

Paul Hermann Müller born 1899: discovered the toxic effects of DDT on insects; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1948

Franz von Soxhlet born 1848: invented Soxhlet Extractor; isolated lactose and milk proteins.
Antonio de Ulloa born 1716: discoverer of platinum (Pt, 78).

January 13

Sydney Brenner born 1927: genetics of organ development and cell death; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2002.

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction signed in Paris by 130 nations, 1993.
Charles Mabery born 1850: early petroleum chemistry; electrolytic aluminum and bromine industries

Pierre-Jean Robiquet born 1780: codiscoverer of asparagine; analysis of opium for codeine
January 14

Ludwig Claisen born 1851: condensation of esters; rearrangement of allyl vinyl ethers
David Wesson born 1861: vegetable oils.

January 15

Henry Cavendish reported quantitative composition of water to Royal Society, 1784.
Pierre Samuel DuPont born 1870: president of DuPont credited with diversifying company from explosives to broad-based chemical company
William Prout born 1785: Prout's hypothesis (suggestion that all atomic weights are multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen); analysis of biological materials; identified hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen born 1895: nutrition and development of food resources; nitrogen fixation; preservation of silage; Nobel Prize, 1945
Cyrus More Warren born 1824: fractional distillation of coal tar and petroleum for analytical and industrial applications.
Frank Westheimer born 1912: physical organic chemistry (electrostatic effects, molecular mechanics, photoaffinity labeling)

January 16
Anders Ekeberg born 1767: discovered tantalum (Ta, element 73).

Fermium (Fm, element 100) was first isolated by Louise Smith, Sherman Fried, Gary Higgins; (back row) Albert Ghiorso, Rod Spence, Glenn Seaborg, Paul Fields and John Huizenga (using ion-exchange chromatorgraphy) and identified, 1953, at University of California, Berkeley.
Leonor Michaelis born 1875: enzyme kinetics; Michaelis-Menten equation.

January 17

Benjamin Franklin born 1706: scientist, inventor, statesman, printer, philosopher, musician, and economist; described marsh gas to Priestley.
James Hall born 1761: geology: laboratory study of rock formation processes, artificial marble
Robert Hare born 1781: invented oxyhydrogen blowtorch.
Anselme Payen born 1795: discovered cellulose, dextrin (produced in the breakdown of starch), pectin, and the enzyme diastase (1833); developed processes for producing borax from boric acid and for refining beet sugar.

January 18

Edward Frankland born 1825: theory of valency; codiscoverer of helium (He, element 2) in the sun through spectroscopy; sanitation and river pollution; organometalic synthesis and valence
Johann (Hans) Goldschmidt born 1861: invented aluminothermite process (Goldschmidt process).

January 19

Henry Bessemer born 1813: metallurgist, inventor of the Bessemer process and Bessemer converter for making steel (US patent 16,082).

Harry Fisher born 1885: inventor in synthetic rubber and rubber technology

Jack Halpern born 1925: mechanisms of the action of vitamins and other biochemicals.

Lucy Weston Pickett born 1904: effects of X-rays on chemical reactions; X-ray crystallography; molecular spectroscopy; Garvan Medal, 1957

Susan Solomon born 1956: atmospheric chemistry of ozone, particularly polar.

James Watt born 1736: best known as an engineer whose version of the steam engine powered the Industrial Revolution, Watt was also one of the first to recognize that water was a compound substance.

January 20
Adolph Frank born 1834: made calcium cyanamide from calcium carbide and nitrogen.

Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier born 1758: research assistant, collaborator, illustrator, editor, publisher, and spouse of Antoine Lavoisier; later spouse (but not collaborator) of Benjamin Thompson,

Count Rumford Horace Wells born 1815: first to use a gas (nitrous oxide) as an anesthetic.

January 21

Dow Chemical produced the first ingot of any metal to be extracted from seawater (magnesium; Mg, element 12), 1941.

Konrad Bloch born 1912: cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism; Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1964.
Eduard Zintl born 1898: intermetallic compounds; industrial chemistry.

January 22

André-Marie Ampère born 1775: best known for Ampère's law relating magnetic field and electrical current, Ampère also made a hypothesis about gases much like Avogadro's.

Francis Bacon born 1561: inductive scientific method; Novum Organum. Bacon applied his inductive method to the nature of heat.

Alan Heeger born 1936: conducting polymers; Nobel Prize, 2000.

King James I charters the first English organization of pharmacists ("Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London"), 1617.

January 23

The nomination of Marie Curie to the French Academy of Sciences was rejected, 1911.
Otto Diels born 1876: codeveloper of diene synthesis (with Kurt Alder); practical method for synthesis of ring compounds from chain compounds (Diels-Alder reaction); Nobel Prize, 1950 (with Alder)
Gertrude Belle Elion born 1918: pharmaceutical chemist; leukemia-fighting drug (US patent 2,884,667); Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1988.

Karl Karlovich Klaus born 1796: discoverer of ruthenium (Ru, element 44); early platinum chemistry
Paul Langevin born 1872: X-rays and magnetism
John Charles Polanyi born 1929: used infrared chemiluminescence to follow excited reaction products; Nobel Prize, 1986.

January 24

Burris Bell Cunningham and coworkers first reported absorption spectrum of einsteinium compound (Es, element 99) at University of California, Berkeley, 1966.
Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill, California, 1848, causing '49er gold rush.
Joseph-Achille Le Bel born 1847: structural organic chemistry (tetrahedral carbon).
Opportunity rover, a NASA geochemistry robot, lands on Mars, 2004, looking for evidence of water.
Patent for microwave oven (US patent 2,495,429) issued to Percy Spencer, 1950.
Dan Shechtman born 1941: quasicrystals; Nobel Prize, 2011.
Morris William Travers born 1872: codiscoverer of krypton (Kr, element 36), neon (Ne, 10), and xenon (Xe, 54); low temperature chemistry

January 25

Robert Boyle born 1627: defined element; discovered proportionality of gas pressure and volume (Boyle's law); experiments in vacuo (for example, trying to support combustion in a vacuum);
IIT - JEE: http://iit-jee-chemistry.blogspot.in/2015/05/states-of-matter-core-points-for.html

Arvid Carlsson born 1923: dopamine, Parkinson's disease, and L-dopa (levodopa); Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2000.

Fluoridation of drinking water begins in Grand Rapids, MI (first municipal water fluoridation in US).
William Horne born 1865: refining and manufacture of sugar

Csaba Horvath born 1930: concept of early HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography) instruments.
Martin Klaproth reported to Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1798 the 1782 discovery by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein of a new element and named it tellurium (Te, element 52).

Ilya Prigogine born 1917: thermodynamics of irreversible processes; "dissipative" structures; Nobel Prize, 1977.

January 26

Niels Bohr reported the discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, and its interpretation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, to the Fifth Washington Conference on Theoretical Physics, 1939.

Claude Silbert Hudson born 1881: sugar chemistry; an ACS Award in Carbohydrate chemistry is named after him.
Polycarp Kusch born 1911: magnetic moment of the electron; Nobel Prize (physics), 1955.

January 27

John Carew Eccles born 1903: neurochemistry; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1963.

Thomas Alva Edison receives US Patent 233,898 for incandescent light bulb, 1880.
Victor Moritz Goldschmidt born 1888: mineralogy, geochemistry, distribution and abundance of elements and isotopes
Louis Kahlenberg born 1870: American physical chemist and electrochemist.
August Kekule presented his structure of benzene to the Société Chimique, Paris, 1865.
IIT - JEE: http://iit-jee-chemistry.blogspot.in/2007/10/study-guide-tmh-jee-ch24-benzene.html

January 28
Edith Flanigen born 1929: molecular seives and petroleum refining catalysts.
Herbert Max Finlay Freundlich born 1880: colloids (stabilization by electrolytes) and surfaces (Freundlich adsorption isotherm).
Robert William Holley born 1922: structure and function of transfer-RNA; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1968.
Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale born 1903: X-ray crystallography; determination of benzene structure by X-ray crystallography.

January 29
Henry Carrington Bolton born 1843: author and bibliographer in the history of chemistry.
Linda Buck born 1947: research on olfaction, one of the "chemical senses;" Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2004.
Sydney Chapman born 1888: geophysicist; diffusion in kinetic theory of gases; oxygen reactions for stratospheric ozone
Edward Morley born 1838: ether drift experiments (Michelson-Morley experiment: ); painstakingly precise determination of the combining weights of hydrogen and oxygen
Lewis Frederick Urry born 1927: inventor; alkaline batteries and lithium batteries.

January 30
Peter Agre born 1949: water channels in cell membranes; Nobel Prize, 2003.
Harold Simmons Booth born 1891: inorganic chemistry; fluoride gases
Alexandre-Émile Beguyer de Chancourtois born 1820: geologist whose arrangement of elements and other substances by atomic weight exhibited chemical periodicity in 1862.
George Gerald Henderson born 1862: catalysis

January 31
Irving Langmuir born 1881: surface chemistry (Langmuir adsorption isotherm, Langmuir-Blodgett films); inventor of gas-filled tungsten lamp (US patent 1,180,159), use of atomic hydrogen blowpipe for welding, condensation pump for high vacuum; atomic structure and valence; Nobel Prize, 1932

Theodore William Richards born 1868: atomic weights, electrochemistry, and thermodynamics; discovered that lead from uranium and from thorium had different atomic weights (before isotope concept was introduced); Nobel Prize, 1914.

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