Importance of Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.
Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, Bragg’s Law and its applications; calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.
Jauhar, CBSE XII class
2.1 Space Lattices and Unit Cell
2.2 Close Packing in Crystalline Solids
2.3 Interstitial Sites or Interstitial Voids
2.4 Types of Cubic Crystals and Number of Atoms per Unit Cell
2.5 Experimental Methods of Determining Crystal Structure: X Rays Diffraction
2.6 Coordination Number and Radius Ratio
2.7 Ionic Radii
2.8 Calculation of Density of a Crystal from its Structure
2.9 Structures of Ionic Compounds
2.10 Imperfections in solids
2.11 Properties of solids
2.12 Amorphous solids
The main content covered in the chapter is about the formation of crystals in solids. Last section 2.12 is about amorphous solids which are not crystalline solids.
Solids can be broadly classified into two categories: crystalline and amorphous.
Molecular bonds: In these solids, the constituent particles are molecules. The molecules are held together by weak Van der Waals forces. Examples are iodine, ice and solid carbon dioxide.
Ionic bonds: Ionic solids have positively and negatively charged ions which are arranged in crystal form and held together by strong electrostatic forces. Examples are salts like NaCl, NaNO3, LiF and Na2SO4 etc.
Covalent bonds: In these solids, the constituent particles are atoms and they are held together by covalent bonds. Examples are diamond, silicon carbide, and silica.
Metallic bonds: In solids with metallic bonds, positive kernels are immersed in a sea of mobile electrons. The forces between the constituents, positive kernels and electrons form the metallic bonds. These bonds are present in metals like copper, nickel etc.
A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit in space lattice.
Six parameters are required. The unit cell is assumed to be formed of straightline in three axes.
These the three basic vectors along three crystallographic axes are termed (a,b, and c). Three angles are there between the crystallographic axes (α,β,γ). The angle α is between the edges b and c, The angle β is between edges c and a. The angle γ is between the edges b and a.
Crystals can be classified into seven categories
Triclinic - a is not equal to b is not equal to - (α,β,γ) are different and not equal to 90 degrees
Monoclinic
Orthoclinic
Trigonal or Rhombohedral
Cubic
Tetragonal
Hexagonal
2.2 Close Packing in Crystalline Solids
In the formation of crystals, closed packing of the constituent particles takes place.
Square Pattern
Hexagonal Pattern
Co-ordination Number
2.3 Interstitial Sites or Interstitial Voids
In the packed structure of the crystalline solid, there are hollow spaces between particles. These holes are voids are called interstitial sites or interstitial voids. Two important interstitial sites are 1. Tetrahedral interstitial site. (2) Octahedral interstitial site.
2.4 Types of Cubic Crystals and Number of Atoms per Unit Cell
There are three common types of cubic crystals.
1. Simple cubic
2. Body centred cubic
3. Face centred cubic or cubic close packing
The structure of solid is studied by X-ray diffraction methods.
Bragg Equation:
n lamba = 2d sin theta
where d = distance between the planes of the constituent particles of the crystal.
lamba = wave length of the x-ray used.
n = 1,2,3 etc. standing for the serial order of the diffracted beam.
2.6 Coordination Number and Radius Ratio
2.7 Ionic Radii
2.8 Calculation of Density of a Crystal from its Structure
2.9 Structures of Ionic Compounds
2.10 Imperfections in solids
2.11 Properties of solids
2.12 Amorphous solids
close packed structure of solids (cubic), packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices;
packing of crystals;
Body centred cubic(bcc),
Hexagonal closed packed (hcp) and
cubical close packed (ccp)
Point defects: Schottsky defects, Frenkel defects
Practice questions
http://makoxmcqs.com/chemistry-mcqs-for-iit-jee-s-block-elements-mcq-practice-sheet/
See an Oxford Video on Crystal Structure
09. Geometry of Solids I: Crystal Structure in Real Space
http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/09-geometry-solids-i-crystal-structure-real-space
Good Websites for Solid State Topic
Updated on 27 July 2019
6 June 2015
Originally published 22 May 2015
JEE Syllabus (2015) on Solid State Topic
Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, Bragg’s Law and its applications; calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.
Jauhar, CBSE XII class
Sections in the Chapter
2.1 Space Lattices and Unit Cell
2.2 Close Packing in Crystalline Solids
2.3 Interstitial Sites or Interstitial Voids
2.4 Types of Cubic Crystals and Number of Atoms per Unit Cell
2.5 Experimental Methods of Determining Crystal Structure: X Rays Diffraction
2.6 Coordination Number and Radius Ratio
2.7 Ionic Radii
2.8 Calculation of Density of a Crystal from its Structure
2.9 Structures of Ionic Compounds
2.10 Imperfections in solids
2.11 Properties of solids
2.12 Amorphous solids
Solid State - Revision Points
The main content covered in the chapter is about the formation of crystals in solids. Last section 2.12 is about amorphous solids which are not crystalline solids.
Solids can be broadly classified into two categories: crystalline and amorphous.
Crystalline solids
The outstanding features are its flat faces and share edges which in a well developed form are usually arranged symmetrically. Therefore, there is a high degree of internal order throughout the crystal. There is a definite pattern constantly repeating in space that forms the crystal. This order in the crystal is known as long-range order.
Amorphous solids
Amorphous solids are not crystals and they do not have long range order but have short-range order. An ordered arrangement exists around some atoms, molecules or ions only up to short distances. The same order will not be found around other atoms or molecules in the solid at another place. In many was amorphous solids are more closely related to liquids and are therefore regarded as supercooled liquids with high viscosity. Some crystalline materials can be converted into amorphous or glassy form by rapidly cooling the melt. Freezing the vapours also gives rise to amorphous solids.
Bonds Present in Solids
Molecular bonds: In these solids, the constituent particles are molecules. The molecules are held together by weak Van der Waals forces. Examples are iodine, ice and solid carbon dioxide.
Ionic bonds: Ionic solids have positively and negatively charged ions which are arranged in crystal form and held together by strong electrostatic forces. Examples are salts like NaCl, NaNO3, LiF and Na2SO4 etc.
Covalent bonds: In these solids, the constituent particles are atoms and they are held together by covalent bonds. Examples are diamond, silicon carbide, and silica.
Metallic bonds: In solids with metallic bonds, positive kernels are immersed in a sea of mobile electrons. The forces between the constituents, positive kernels and electrons form the metallic bonds. These bonds are present in metals like copper, nickel etc.
2.1 Space Lattice and Unit Cell
The crystalline solids have their constituent particles - molecules, ions or atoms at specific locations in a three dimensional space, the basic shape of which repeats many times to form the crystalline solid. The arrangement of this infinite set of points at which the constituent particles of the solid exist is called space lattice.
Space Lattice
A space lattice is a regular arrangement of the constituent particles of a crystalline solid in three dimensional space. These points are called lattice points.
Unit Cell
A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit in space lattice.
Parameters to describe a unit cell
Six parameters are required. The unit cell is assumed to be formed of straightline in three axes.
These the three basic vectors along three crystallographic axes are termed (a,b, and c). Three angles are there between the crystallographic axes (α,β,γ). The angle α is between the edges b and c, The angle β is between edges c and a. The angle γ is between the edges b and a.
Seven Crystal Systems
Crystals can be classified into seven categories
Triclinic - a is not equal to b is not equal to - (α,β,γ) are different and not equal to 90 degrees
Monoclinic
Orthoclinic
Trigonal or Rhombohedral
Cubic
Tetragonal
Hexagonal
2.2 Close Packing in Crystalline Solids
In the formation of crystals, closed packing of the constituent particles takes place.
Square Pattern
To understand arrangement of the particles in a solid one can visualise four particles arranged as a square. In this one particle assumed as a sphere is above another particles and four such sphere form a square and the pattern is repeated. But this pattern is not the usual pattern because only 52.4% of the available space becomes occupied in this square pattern of packing.
Hexagonal Pattern
In hexagonal close packing of particles (assumed as spheres), the spheres in the second row are placed in the depressions between the spheres in the first row. (In earlier square pattern, a sphere is placed on another sphere. But now a sphere is placed in the depression between two spheres in the row below. In this packing, 60.4% of space gets occupied. Hence this hexagonal close packing gives more close packing.
Co-ordination Number
The number of spheres which are touching a given sphere in packing arrangement is called co-ordination number. Thus in two dimensional representation coordination number is 4 in square arrangement and six in hexagonal arrangement.
Good web page for the above topics Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/10-6-lattice-structures-in-crystalline-solids/
2.3 Interstitial Sites or Interstitial Voids
In the packed structure of the crystalline solid, there are hollow spaces between particles. These holes are voids are called interstitial sites or interstitial voids. Two important interstitial sites are 1. Tetrahedral interstitial site. (2) Octahedral interstitial site.
2.4 Types of Cubic Crystals and Number of Atoms per Unit Cell
There are three common types of cubic crystals.
1. Simple cubic
2. Body centred cubic
3. Face centred cubic or cubic close packing
2.5 Experimental Methods of Determining Crystal Structure: X Rays Diffraction
The structure of solid is studied by X-ray diffraction methods.
Bragg Equation:
n lamba = 2d sin theta
where d = distance between the planes of the constituent particles of the crystal.
lamba = wave length of the x-ray used.
n = 1,2,3 etc. standing for the serial order of the diffracted beam.
2.6 Coordination Number and Radius Ratio
2.7 Ionic Radii
2.8 Calculation of Density of a Crystal from its Structure
2.9 Structures of Ionic Compounds
2.10 Imperfections in solids
2.11 Properties of solids
2.12 Amorphous solids
close packed structure of solids (cubic), packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices;
packing of crystals;
Body centred cubic(bcc),
Hexagonal closed packed (hcp) and
cubical close packed (ccp)
Point defects: Schottsky defects, Frenkel defects
Practice questions
http://makoxmcqs.com/chemistry-mcqs-for-iit-jee-s-block-elements-mcq-practice-sheet/
See an Oxford Video on Crystal Structure
09. Geometry of Solids I: Crystal Structure in Real Space
http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/09-geometry-solids-i-crystal-structure-real-space
Good Websites for Solid State Topic
Updated on 27 July 2019
6 June 2015
Originally published 22 May 2015
1 comment:
Helpful article share for class 12th science students, Chemistry subject syllabus information, sudents should read this it may helpful in examinations.
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