Chemistry Knowledge History - April

Chemistry History
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/April.html





April 1
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji born 1933: cooling of atoms by interactions with laser light; Nobel Prize (physics), 1997.

G. N. Lewis's article, "The Atom and the Molecule," containing Lewis dot structures is published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1916 (April issue, nominal publication date April 1).

Sergei Nikolaevich Reformatskii (Reformatsky) born 1860: synthesis of organozinc halides (Reformatsky reaction).

Julian Stone reported in Applied Physics Letters that a new quartz fiber filled with tetrachloroethylene may be able to carry light, 1972.

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy born 1865: explained heterogeneous nature of colloidal suspensions; introduced the ultramicroscope for study of colloids; Nobel Prize, 1925. View Zsigmondy's book Colloids and the Ultramicroscope.

April 2
Carl Alsberg born 1877: food chemistry;

Francis Crick and James Dewey Watson mailed brief article on the double-helix structure of DNA to Nature in 1953; view a typescript of the article.

Charles Martin Hall obtains US patent 400,766 for an electrolytic process for producing aluminum in 1886.

April 3

First meeting of the Electrochemical Society of America (now simply the Electrochemical Society), at the Manufacturers' Club, Philadelphia.

April 4

Otto Folin born 1867: clinical chemistry; Folin-Wu reagent for glucose analysis.

Johan Peter Klason born 1848: lignin chemistry.

Raoul Pierre Pictet born 1846: liquefaction of oxygen.

Ira Remsen was awarded the first Priestley Medal in 1923.

Synthesis of vitamin B6 announced by Merck, Sharp & Dohme in 1939.

April 5

Richard Chenevix born 1774: mineralogist; chemistry of platinum (Pt, element 78) and palladium (Pd, 46).

Norman Davidson born 1916: ion channels and neurotransmitters.

Marshall Gates and Gilg Tschudi announced synthesis of morphine, 1956.

Joseph Lister born 1827: antiseptics such as carbolic acid (phenol); read part of his report.

April 6

First official organizational meeting of the American Chemical Society held at New York University in 1876.

Edmond Henri Fischer born 1920: protein phosphorylation and its role in biological regulation; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1992.

Feodor Lynen born 1911: biosynthesis of cholesterol; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1964.

Richard Macy Noyes born 1919: chemical kinetics; oscillating chemical reactions.

Roy Plunkett accidentally polymerized Freons producing polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon (US patent 2,230,654), 1938.

James Walker born 1863: hydrolysis, ionization constants, and amphoteric electrolytes with organic compounds.

James Dewey Watson born 1928: double-helix structure of DNA; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1962.
April 7

Louis Frederick Fieser born 1899: organic chemistry (synthesis and aromatic compounds); invented napalm; coauthor (with wife Mary) of Reagents for Organic Synthesis

Louis Plack Hammett born 1894: physical organic chemistry; structure-activity relationships;
Hammett equation for linear free-energy relationships

Heinrich Hlasiwetz [auf Deutsch] born 1825: protein analysis.

New law established metric system and nomenclature in France, 1795.

Joseph Priestley left England to move to the United States, 1794. A mob hostile to his politically and religiously liberal views had destroyed his home and made him unwelcome in Birmingham.

Walter Stockmayer born 1914: statistical mechanics and dynamics of polymers.

April 8

Melvin Calvin born 1911: research in photosynthesis; Nobel Prize, 1961.

August Wilhelm von Hofmann born 1818: coal tar; organic nitrogen chemistry, particularly dyes; founding president of the German Chemical Society.

Joseph Kenyon born 1885: organic chemistry, stereochemistry and mechanism of nucleophilic substitution.

April 9

F. Albert Cotton born 1930: inorganic chemistry and chemical bonding (metal carbonyls, metal-metal bonds); 1998 Priestley Medal.

Dorothy Anna Hahn born 1876: chemical valence;

Ignacio Tinoco, Jr., proposed a simple method for deducing secondary structure of ribonucleic acid (RNA) from nucleotide sequence, 1971.

Elizabeth Kreiser Weisburger born 1924: investigation of chemical carcinogenesis at the molecular level;

April 10

Arnold Beckman born 1900: chemist and inventor; founder of Beckman Instruments (now Beckman Coulter). View US patent 2,058,761 for pH meter.

Arnold Collins made the synthetic rubber called polychloroprene (also known as neoprene), 1930.

Marshall Warren Nirenberg born 1927: cracking the genetic code (i.e., correlation of nucleic-acid sequence to protein structure); Nobel Prize (medicine), 1968.

Robert Burns Woodward born 1917: stereoselective organic synthesis; synthesis of natural products;

Woodward-Hoffmann rules on orbital symmetry; Nobel Prize, 1965.


April 11

Percy Lavon Julian born 1899: synthesis of physostigmine; preparation of cortisone (US patent 2,752,339).


Hugh Christopher Longuet-Higgins born 1923: multicenter bonds in boranes and other compounds; conjugation.

Ernest Volwiler and Donalee Tabern received US patent number 2,153,729 for sodium pentothal as a general anaesthetic, 1939.

Robert Burns Woodward and William von Eggers Doering reported a formal synthesis of quinine in 1944.

April 12

Marie Curie watched as one of her professors, Gabriel Lippmann, presented her exhaustive survey of radioactivity in natural substances, which presents evidence for substances much more radioactive than uranium, 1898.

Otto Fritz Meyerhof born 1884: muscle metabolism; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1922.

Thomas Thomson born 1773: early advocate of Dalton's atomic hypothesis and Prout's hypothesis; edited Annals of Philosophy.  History of Chemistry

Georges Urbain born 1872: codiscoverer of lutetium (Lu, element 71); discovered the law of optimum phosphorescence of binary systems.

April 13

Torbern Bergman confirmed Müller von Reichenstein's finding that the substance isolated from a bismuth ore was a new element, tellurium (Te, element 52), 1784.

Michael Stuart Brown born 1941: cholesterol metabolism and its regulation; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1985.

April 14

Alan MacDiarmid born 1927: conducting polymers; Nobel Prize, 2000.

NASA's Nimbus III weather satellite made first civilian use of nuclear batteries (radioisotope thermoelectric generators), 1969.

April 15

Johann Balmer published the observation that certain spectral frequencies of hydrogen are related by a simple mathematical formula (Balmer series), 1885.

William Cullen born 1710: noted the cooling effects of evaporation and of gas expansion.

Catherine Clarke Fenselau born 1939: mass spectrometry and its application to biochemistry; Garvan Medal, 1985.

Albert Ghiorso announced the discovery of Rutherfordium (Rf, element 104) with coworkers (Ghiorso at right) at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1969.

Robert Gore born: inventor of Gore-Tex fabric (waterproof fabric that "breathes") from expanded polytetrafluoroethylene; Perkin Medal, 2005. US patent Patent 3,953,566.

Carol Greider born 1961: telomerase; Nobel Prize (medicine), 2009.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov born 1896: chemical kinetics; theory of chain reactions; Nobel Prize, 1956.

Ernest Solvay received patent entitled "Industrial Production of Sodium Carbonate by Means of Marine Salt, Ammonia, and Carbon Dioxide" (Solvay process) in 1861.

April 16

Joseph Black born 1728: latent heat and specific heat; foundation for modern quantitative analysis.

Marie Maynard Daly born 1921: first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry (Columbia University, 1948)

Humphry Davy performed first physiological experiment on nitrous oxide by inhaling it, 1799. (Don't try this at home!) Read his report.

Albert Hofmann discovered the hallucinogenic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 1943. (Link to US National Drug Intelligence Center's LSD Fast Facts.)

Ernest Solvay born 1838: chemical manufacturer and Belgian government minister; Solvay process for sodium carbonate production.
Sidney Gilchrist Thomas born 1850: effected the separation of phosphorus from iron in the Bessemer converter.

April 17

First oil well fire, at Little and Merrick well, Oil City, PA, 1861.

Robert Robertson born 1869: explosives; amatol (ammonium nitrate/TNT); infrared spectroscopy.
April 18

Marston Taylor Bogert born 1868: synthesis of quinazolines and thiazoles.

Joseph Leonard Goldstein born 1940: cholesterol metabolism and its regulation; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1985.

George Herbert Hitchings born 1905: pharmaceutical chemistry; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1988.

Eugene Jules Houdry born 1892: commercial catalytic cracking of petroleum for gasoline production (Houdry process, first patent application in France; US patent 1,837,963) and catalytic cleaning of automobile exhaust.
Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran born 1838: discovered gallium (Ga, element 31), dysprosium (Dy, 66), and samarium (Sm, 62).
William Albert Noyes, Jr., born 1898: editor of Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1950-1962.
Joseph Priestley ignited a mixture of "inflammable air" (hydrogen) and common air, 1781, and noted that the explosion was not as powerful as can be obtained from gunpowder. He failed to recognize (as Cavendish, Lavoisier, and Watt did soon afterwards) that the two gases combine to form water.

April 19

Samuel Cox Hooker born 1864: sugar chemistry
Antoine Lavoisier claimed the right to the discovery of oxygen (O, element 8), arguing that he and Joseph Priestley discovered the same facts, but that he recognized the role of oxygen in combustion while Priestley explained it in terms of phlogiston theory, 1776. (This claim is treated fictionally in the play Oxygen by Carl Djerassi and Roald Hoffmann.)
Ines Hochmuth Mandl born 1917: biochemical basis of pulmonary emphysema; medicinal uses of collagenases, elastases, and their inhibitors; Garvan Medal, 1982
Monsanto incorporated, 1933.
François-Charles-Léon Moureu born 1863: organic chemistry; oxidation and antioxidants; first president of IUPAC.
Glenn Theodore Seaborg born 1912: codiscoverer of plutonium (Pu, element 94), americium (Am, 95), curium (Cm, 96), berkelium (Bk, 97), californium (Cf, 98), einsteinium (Es, 99), fermium (Fm, 100), mendelevium (Md, 101), nobelium (No, 102), and seaborgium (Sg, 106) (named by his coworkers); Nobel Prize, 1951.

April 20

Franz Karl Achard born 1753: introduced platinum crucible; invented process for extraction of sugar from sugar beets and opened the first beet sugar factory.
American Chemical Society organized, 1876, in New York City.
Wilhelm (or Guglielmo) Körner born 1839: isomerism in substituted benzenes (ortho, meta, and para).
Karl Alexander Müller born 1927: high-temperature superconducting materials; Nobel Prize (Physics), 1987.
Gertrude Perlmann born 1912: protein biochemistry, particularly phosphoproteins; Garvan Medal, 1965.
Kai Manne Siegbahn born 1918: electron spectroscopy; son of 1924 Nobel laureate X-ray spectroscopist Karl Siegbahn; Nobel Prize (physics), 1981.

April 21

Jean-Baptiste Biot born 1774: discovered optical activity; Biot-Savart law in electromagnetism.
Percy Williams Bridgman born 1882: effect of pressure on materials; showed that viscosity increases with high pressure; Nobel Prize (Physics), 1946.
Paul Karrer born 1889: synthesis of vitamins A, B2 (riboflavin), and E (tocopherol); Nobel Prize, 1937.
Nalco incorporated as National Aluminate Corporation, 1928.
Pfizer incorporated, 1900.

April 22

Donald James Cram born 1919: Nobel Prize, 1987, for synthetic molecules which imitate biomolecules.
First modern use of chemical weapons: chlorine gas at Ypres, 1915.
First Earth Day, 1970.

April 23

Max Planck born 1858: thermodynamics, particularly second law; introduced quantum theory and constant now known as Planck's constant; Nobel Prize (physics), 1918.

Rohm & Haas incorporated, 1917.

April 24

Roger Kornberg born 1947: genetic transcription in eukaryotic organisms; Nobel Prize, 2006.
Jean de Marignac born 1817: discovery of ytterbium (Yb, element 70) and gadolinium (Gd, element 64). Read some of Marignac's opinions on Prout's law and on atomic and equivalent weights (1 and 2).
Russell born 1898: invented klystron tube, founded Varian instruments (now Varian, Inc.) with brother Sigurd Varian.

April 25

Wolfgang Pauli born 1900: Pauli exclusion principle; Nobel Prize (Physics), 1945.
http://iit-jee-chemistry.blogspot.com/2008/01/iit-jee-ch3-atomic-structure-core.html

"Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid," by James Watson and Francis Crick, published in Nature, 1953.

April 26

Michael Smith born 1932: oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis of DNA; Nobel Prize, 1993.

April 27

Philip Hague Abelson born 1913: codiscovered neptunium (Np, element 93).

Wallace Carothers born 1896: macromolecules; invented nylon (US patents 2,130,947 and 2,130,948). Link to lab exercises in making nylon.

Andrew Fire born 1959: RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2006.
Albert Ghiorso (at right) and coworkers announced in 1970 discovery of element 105 (eventually named dubnium, Db) produced by bombarding californium-249 (249Cf) with nitrogen-15 (15N).
Charles James born 1880: separation of rare earth elements.

Antoine Lavoisier reported in 1775 that heated mercury forms red calx (HgO), while the surrounding air is reduced in volume and no longer supports combustion; heating the calx liberates oxygen.

April 28

Alfred Bader born 1924: founder of Aldrich Chemical (now part of Sigma-Aldrich)
Karl Barry Sharpless born 1941: catalytic oxidation, particularly stereoselective oxidation (e.g. Sharpless epoxidation), in organic synthesis; Nobel Prize, 2001

April 29

Atlantic Richfield Company incorporated, 1870.
Nashua incorporated as Nashua Card, Gummed and Coated Paper, 1904.
Harold Clayton Urey born 1893: isolated heavy water (D2O); co-discoverer of deuterium (2H); Nobel Prize, 1934.

April 30

Albert Ghiorso and coworkers announced the discovery of mendelevium (Md, 101) at the University of California, Berkeley, 1958.

Joseph John Thomson announced in 1897 the discovery of a body lighter than all known elements and a constituent of them all--the electron.  Thomson's  Nobel Prize address.

Chemistry Knowledge History - February

February 1 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Birthdays

Emilio Segrè (1905): codiscovered technetium (Tc, element 43) and astatine (At, 85); spontaneous fission; antiproton; Nobel Prize (Physics), 1959
http://iit-jee-chemistry.blogspot.in/2007/12/chapter-13a-halogens.html  Astatine is a halogen.

Roger Yonchien Tsien (1952): green fluorescent protein, GFP; Nobel Prize, 2008.

February 2 - Chemistry Knowledge History

1923 Leaded gasoline first marketed in the US in Dayton, OH,
1923. Thomas Midgley, Jr., of General Motors Research labs added tetraethyllead to gasoline.

Birthdays

Jean Baptiste Boussingault 1802: agricultural chemistry; isolated and named sorbitol; role of nitrogen in plant nutrition.

Albert Schatz  1920: discovery of antitubercular agent streptomycin. Schatz's version of the discovery differs from the standard account in which Selman Waksman receives near-exclusive credit. The patent (US 2,449,866).

February 3 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Birthdays
Leonora Neuffer Bilger  1893: asymmetric nitrogen compounds; Received Garvan Medal in 1953
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_Bilger

February 4  - Chemistry Knowledge History

Joseph Goldberger begins the experiment that demonstrates that pellagra is a dietary disease, 1915.


John Jacob Livingood made radium E (210Bi) by bombarding common bismuth with deuterons, 1936, the first synthetis of a radioactive substance in the US.

Birthdays

Friedrich Hund born 1896: Hund's rules for electron configurations, the first of which predicts maximum multiplicity of spin; molecular-orbital theory (Hund-Mulliken approach).
IIT - JEE  http://iit-jee-chemistry.blogspot.in/2015/05/ch1-atomic-structure-and-chemical.html

February 5  - Chemistry Knowledge History

Birthdays - 5 Feb

John Boyd Dunlop (1840); manufactured pneumatic rubber tires.

Lafayette Benedict Mendel  (1872): modern science of nutrition; codiscovered vitamin A and B complex; linked nutritive value of proteins to their amino acids.

February 6  - Chemistry Knowledge History

William Parry Murphy born 1892: diabetes; pernicious anemia and other blood diseases; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1934
Clemens Winkler, in the course of analyzing a mineral, discovered element (germanium, Ge, element 32) in 1886, consistent with predictions by J. A. R. Newlands and Dmitrii Mendeleev.
Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinskii born 1861: catalysis of hydrocarbon disproportionations; bromination of fatty acids (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction)

February 7  - Chemistry Knowledge History

Ulf Svante von Euler born 1905: identification of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) as a neurotransmitter; son of 1929 Nobel laureate biochemist Hans von Euler-Chelpin; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1970.
John Brown Francis Herreshoff born 1850: manufacture of sulfuric acid

February 8 -  - Chemistry Knowledge History

Robert Holton announces total synthesis of taxol, an important cancer drug, 1994.

Birthdays

Bernard Courtois  1777: discovered iodine (I, element 53) from seaweed
Friedlieb Runge born 1795: discovered carbolic acid (phenol) and aniline in coal tar; dry distillation

                                                    Source: Google Doodle of 8 Feb 2016


Dmitrii Mendeleev born 1834 : periodic law and periodic table.
http://iit-jee-chemistry.blogspot.in/2008/01/iit-jee-ch-4-periodicity-of-properties.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/02/07/who-was-dmitri-mendeleev-and-how-did-he-order-the-periodic-table/


Francis Robert Japp  born 1848: benzil, benzoin, and phenanthraquinone.
Moses Gomberg born 1866: work on triphenylmethyl (first stable organic free radical); tautomerism





February 9

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Edward Charles Baly born 1871: showed that organic compounds, including sugars, can be formed photochemically from water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia
Californium (Cf, element 98) discovered by  Kenneth Street, Jr., Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, and Albert Ghiorso using ion-exchange chromatography at University of California, Berkeley, 1950.
Lloyd Ferguson born 1918: chemical educator
Norman Bruce Hannay born 1921: materials for solid state electronics

February 10

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Per Teodor Cleve born 1840: discovered holmium and thulium; suggested "didymium" was not elementary; naphthalene derivatives.
John Franklin Enders born 1897: showed polio virus was not only neurotropic; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1954.
Ira Remsen born 1846: prominent American organic chemist; founder of American Chemical Journal; first professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University; saccharin was discovered in his lab

February 11

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Fred Basolo born 1920: organometallics.
Thomas Alva Edison born 1847: inventor (incandescent light (US 233,898), phonograph (US 200,521, electrical systems, etc.).
Josiah Willard Gibbs born 1839: thermodynamics and the phase rule; the Gibbs free energy is named after him.
Izaak Kolthoff born 1894: analytical chemistry.
Alwin Mittasch  and Christian Schneider filed US patent application for catalytic production of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen (U.S. patent 1,201,850) in 1914.
William Henry Fox Talbot born 1800: photography pioneer.

February 12

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Pierre-Louis Dulong born 1785: discovered nitrogen trichloride; refractive indices and specific heats of gases; law of Dulong and Petit (specific heat times atomic weight is the same for many elements); suggested that acids were compounds of hydrogen; formula for heat content of fuel (Dulong formula)

Moritz Traube born 1826: physiological chemist; semipermeable membranes, sugars, respiration, fermentation, putrefaction, oxidation, protoplasm, and muscle

February 13

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Heinrich Caro born 1834: Caro's acid (H2SO5), dye chemistry.
Étienne-François Geoffroy born 1672: chemical affinities; displacement reactions in salt
Henry Clemens Pearson born 1858: rubber scientist and editor; see his books, Crude rubber and compounding ingredients and The rubber country of the Amazon

February 14

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Herbert Aaron Hauptman born 1917: mathematical methods for crystal structures; Nobel Prize, 1985.
Lawrencium (Lr, element 103) was produced in 1961 by Torbjorn Sikkeland, Albert Ghiorso, and Almon Larsh and Robert Latimer, at University of California, Berkeley.
Julius Nieuwland born 1878: synthetic rubber pioneer (US patent 1,811,959); acetylene chemistry. .
Agnes Pockels born 1862: liquid surfaces: surface tension and films; invention of the slide trough and surface film balance. Read her article on surface tension.
Dennis Searle and E. M. Skillings found borax and other soluble salts near San Bernardino, CA, 1873.

February 15

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Synthesis of diamond by Francis Bundy, H. Tracy Hall, Herbert Strong, & Robert H. Wentoff, Jr., at General Electric Research Laboratories announced in 1955.

Hans K. A. S. von Euler-Chelpin born 1873: enzymes and fermentation; father of 1970 Nobel laureate Ulf Svante von Euler; Nobel Prize, 1929

George Johnstone Stoney born 1826: suggested that electrical charge came in discrete units; coined term electron for "atom of electricity".

February 16

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Julius Thomsen born 1826: heats of reaction, relative strength of acids, manufacture of soda from cryolite
John Rex Whinfield born 1901: terephthalic acid polyester fibers (terylene).

Robert Williams born 1886: isolation, synthesis, and manufacture of Vitamin B1 (thiamine).

February 17

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Friedrich Konrad Beilstein born 1838: his standard reference work on organic chemistry was first published in 1880-83 and has been updated ever since

Wallace Henry Coulter born 1913: instrument maker; developed instrumentation to characterize particles.
Dmitrii Mendeleev sketched his first draft periodic table, 1869.

Otto Stern born 1888: quantization of angular momentum (Stern-Gerlach experiment); Nobel Prize (physics), 1943.

February 18 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Harry Brearley born 1871: development of stainless steel
John Sinfelt born 1931: platinum-iridium catalysts in petroleum refining. Read a book chapter by Sinfelt on materials and catalysis.
Frederick Soddy introduced the term "isotopic" (meaning "same place") for elements which share the same place in the periodic table in 1913.

Alessandro Volta born 1745: invented the voltaic pile, the first electric battery; discovered and isolated methane. The unit of electric potential, the volt, is named in his honor.
(18 February 2015 - Google carries doodle in the honour of Volta)

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/battery4.htm

The Voltaic Pile
_________________

_________________

Science Online

February 19

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Svante Arrhenius born 1859: electrolytic dissociation, viscosity, reaction rates, and even the greenhouse effect; Nobel prize, 1903

Louis-Georges Gouy born 1854: interfacial electrical double layer.
Gottlieb Sigismund Kirchhof born 1764: catalytically produced glucose from starch.
Roderick MacKinnon born 1956: structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels; Nobel Prize, 2003
Ernest Marsden born 1889: scattering of alpha particles (work with Hans Geiger in Ernest Rutherford's lab), contributing to the development of the nuclear model of the atom.
One atom of mendelevium (Md, element 101) was produced by Gregory R. Choppin, Glenn Seaborg, Bernard G. Harvey, and Albert Ghiorso in 1955 by bombarding a billion atoms of 253Es with helium.
Ferdinand Reich born 1799: codiscovered indium (In, element 49)

February 20

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Isaac Adams, Jr. born 1836: pioneer in nickel plating.
Ludwig Boltzmann born 1844: statistical mechanics; thermodynamics, especially the second law; Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds; Stefan-Boltzmann law of blackbody radiation; Boltzmann constant is named after him

Henry Eyring born 1901: chemical kinetics (transition-state theory, Eyring equation)
Helen Murray Free born 1923: diagnostic chemistry: reagents and instrumentation for clinical diagnosis in blood and urine chemistry, histology, and cytology
Robert Huber born 1937: three-dimensional structure of proteins involved in photosynthesis; Nobel Prize, 1988

February 21

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Carl Henrik Dam born 1895: vitamin K as a dietary factor in blood clotting; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1943.
Humphry Davy reads paper introducing the name chlorine (to replace oxymuriatic acid) and asserting its elementary nature, 1811.

Oliver Wolcott Gibbs born 1822: early American inorganic and analytical chemist (Harvard); founding member of US National Academy of Sciences
Edwin Land demonstrates Polaroid camera to optical society meeting, 1947.
John Mercer born 1791: treated cotton with caustic soda (mercerized cotton); discovered some calico dyes
Dorothy Virginia Nightingale born 1902: synthetic organic chemistry, particularly reactions of alkylbenzenes in the presence of aluminum chloride; Garvan Medal, 1959

February 22

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted born 1879: acid-base theory and properties of ions; kinetics and catalysis; nitramide

Heinrich Hertz born 1857: discovered electromagnetic waves and the photoelectric effect.
Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen born 1824: astronomical spectroscopy and photography, particularly of the Sun; found a line in the solar spectrum subsequently identified with helium.
Fritz Strassmann born 1902: nuclear fission.
Friedrich Wöhler wrote a letter to J. J. Berzelius stating that he had synthesized urea, an early synthesis of an organic compound from inorganic materials, 1828.

February 23

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

First organizational meeting of the Chemical Society of London, 1841. (The Royal Society of Chemistry is its successor organization.)

Casimir Funk born 1884: discovered vitamins and named them (vitamines)
Charles Martin Hall first produced electrolytic aluminum in 1886 (US patent 400,766).
Thomas Midgley, Jr., received US patent 1,573,846 for tetraethyllead as an anti-knock agent in gasoline, 1926.
Glenn Theodore Seaborg and coworkers chemically identified plutonium (Pu, element 94) at University of California, Berkeley, 1941.

February 24

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

First atom of element 107, eventually named Bohrium (Bh) was observed at GSI Laboratories, Darmstadt, Germany in 1981.

John Gorham born 1783: wrote Elements of Chemical Science, an early American chemistry text.
Karl Graebe born 1841: organic synthesis (alizarin) and nomenclature (ortho, meta, para prefixes).
Eugène Melchior Peligot born 1811: isolated uranium metal; identified glucose in diabetics' urine.
William Summer Johnson born 1913: synthesis of complex molecules

February 25

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Ruth Erica (Leroi) Benesch born 1925: oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin; role of sulfur in proteins
Arthur Becket Lamb born 1880: editor of the Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1917-1949.
Phoebus Aaron Theodor Levene born (as Fishel Aaronovich Lenin) 1869: biochemistry, hexosamines, and stereochemistry.
Ida Eva Noddack born  1896: co-discoverer of rhenium (Re, element 75) with husband Walter and Otto Berg; suggested (correctly) that nuclear fission rather than transuranic elements explained results reported by Enrico Fermi.
Mary Locke Petermann born 1908: ribosomes and protein synthesis

February 26

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Marjorie Beckett Caserio born 1929: physical organic chemistry: kinetics and mechanisms; chemical education: Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
Benoit Paul Emile Clapeyron born 1799: relationship between temperature, volume, and heat of vaporization (Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron equations).
Herbert Henry Dow born 1866: electrolytic production of bromine; founder of Dow Chemical.
Giulio Natta born 1903: polymer chemistry including polymer stereochemistry; Nobel Prize, 1963
William Joseph Sparks born 1905: advances in synthetic rubber.
Ahmed Zewail born 1946: "femtochemistry" (dynamics on a sub-picosecond time scale); Nobel Prize, 1999

February 27

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

James Chadwick's note announcing the possible discovery of the neutron is published in Nature, 1932.

Robert Grubbs born 1942: metathesis reactions and catalysts; Nobel Prize, 2005.
Alice Hamilton born 1869: occupational medicine; hazards of carbon monoxide, mercury, tetraethyllead, benzene, and others; first woman professor at Harvard.
Felix Hoffmann received US patent 644,077 for acetyl salicylic acid (better known as aspirin), 1900.
Karl Friedrich Wenzel died 1793 (birth date unknown c. 1740): stoichiometry; concentration determines the speed of chemical reactions.

February 28

 - Chemistry Knowledge History

Edward Goodrich Acheson received US patent number 492,767 for production of artificial silicon carbide ("Carborundum"), 1893.

Steven Chu: laser cooling and trapping of atoms; US Secretary of Energy; Nobel (physics), 1997.
Edmond Fremy born 1814: plumbates, stannates, and ferrates; preparation of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride; coloring of flowers and saponification of fats

Philip Showalter Hench born 1896: hormones of the adrenal cortex; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1950

Linus Carl Pauling born 1901: molecular structure, bonding (hybrid orbitals), electronegativity, and resonance (The Nature of the Chemical Bond); Nobel Prize, 1954; Nobel Peace Prize, 1962
February 29

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes announced solidification of helium, 1908.

National Science Day of India

Chemistry History
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/February.html

Chemistry Knowledge History - January

Chemistry History
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/January.html



January 1

Cigarettes in the US must carry warning label, "Caution: Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health," since 1966, mandated by the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965. Since then, labeling requirements have evolved.

Harriet Brooks born 1876: radioactivity, particularly radon (element, 86) as an emanation from radium.
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay born 1852: discovered europium (Eu, element 63); spectroscopic evidence of the discovery of radium (Ra, 88)

International Year of Chemistry, an initiative of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), began in 2011.

Robert John Kane proposed existence of ethyl radical (ethereum) in 1833.

Harold Urey and co-workers announced discovery of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen (H, element 1), 1932.

January 2

Roger Adams born 1889: organic synthesis. An ACS award in organic synthesis is named for Adams.
Isaac Asimov born 1920: biochemist; author of hundreds of books in science fiction and many non-fiction subjects.

Rudolf Clausius born 1822: fundamental contributions to thermodynamics and kinetic theory of gases; coined the term entropy.

Charles Hatchett born 1765: discovered niobium (Nb, element 41), which he called columbium

Walter Heitler born 1904: quantum-mechanical treatment of molecular hydrogen (Heitler-London approach).

January 3

Henry Bradley, Binghamton, NY, patented oleomargarine (U.S. Patent No. 110,626) in 1871.

Keith James Laidler born 1916: chemical kinetics; history of physical chemistry and of science and technology.
Spirit rover, a NASA geochemistry robot, lands on Mars, 2004, looking for evidence of water.

January 4
Herbert Henry Dow, founder of Dow Chemical, prepared bromine from brine, 1891.
Aristid Victor Grosse born 1905: isolated protactinium (Pa, element 91); 235U fission by slow neutrons
Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau born 1737: one-time defender of phlogiston theory, chemical affinities, chemical nomenclature.

Richard Royce Schrock born 1945: high-oxidation-state transition-metal complexes; metathesis reactions and catalysts; Nobel Prize, 2005.

John Edgar Teeple born 1874: industrial chemistry and chemical economics; Perkin medal.

Florence Emeline Wall born 1893: cosmetic chemistry.


January 5

Joseph Erlanger born 1874: electrophysiology of nerves; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1944.
George Washington Carver died 1943 (born c. 1860): food chemistry, particularly known for peanuts and sweet potatoes.


January 6

John Van Nostrand Dorr born 1872: chemical engineer and inventor
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer born 1914: chemical bonding and quantum mechanics.
Stuart Alan Rice born 1932: statistical mechanics and transport phenomena; phase transitions.

January 7

Eilhard Mitscherlich born 1794: crystal structure, catalysis, benzene and its derivatives; discovered chemical isomorphism
Henry Enfield Roscoe born 1833: chemical action of light; co-inventor of actinometer; first to isolate vanadium (V, element 23). Read his biography of Dalton and his autobiography .
John Ernest Walker born 1941: mechanism of ATP synthesis; Nobel Prize, 1997

January 8
John Allen Veatch found borax in mineral water at Tuscan Springs, CA, 1856.

January 9

Birthdays

Richard Abegg  1869: valence, especially Abegg's rule that the difference between the maximum positive and negative valence of an element is frequently eight.

John Werner Cahn  1928: thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions and diffusion; interfacial phenomena; periodic and quasi-periodic structures ("quasicrystals").

Alec Jeffreys  1950: genetic fingerprinting; see US Patent 5,413,908.

Har Gobind Khorana  1922: first synthesis of an artificial gene; interpretation of genetic code and protein synthesis function; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1968

Søren Sørensen  1868: indroduced concept of pH as a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; research on proteins, amino acids, and enzymes

January 10

Sune Karl Bergström born 1916: purification and structure of prostaglandins; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1982.
Katharine Burr Blodgett born 1898: thin films (Langmuir-Blodgett films); anti-reflective coatings; gas-surface interactions; Garvan Medal, 1951

Frederick Gardner Cottrell born 1877: nitrogen fixation, liquefaction of gases, recovery of helium; invented electrostatic precipitator (Cottrell precipitator, US patent 895,729) for removing particles from gases

January 11
Frederick Mark Becket born 1875: inventor in electrochemistry and electrometallurgy

Roger Guillemin born 1924: function and synthesis of hypothalamic hormones; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1977.

January 12
Johan August Arfwedson born 1792: discovered lithium (Li, 3) in the mineral petalite.

Ruth Rogan Benerito born 1916: fat emulsions and transport of fat in animals; properties of cellulose (with applications to fabrics, particularly cotton)

Jan Baptista van Helmont born 1579: coined the term gas; experiment investigating whether vegetable life came from a single, element (water). Read three short excerpts from his writings and see the title page of his book on medicine.

Paul Hermann Müller born 1899: discovered the toxic effects of DDT on insects; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1948

Franz von Soxhlet born 1848: invented Soxhlet Extractor; isolated lactose and milk proteins.
Antonio de Ulloa born 1716: discoverer of platinum (Pt, 78).

January 13

Sydney Brenner born 1927: genetics of organ development and cell death; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2002.

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction signed in Paris by 130 nations, 1993.
Charles Mabery born 1850: early petroleum chemistry; electrolytic aluminum and bromine industries

Pierre-Jean Robiquet born 1780: codiscoverer of asparagine; analysis of opium for codeine
January 14

Ludwig Claisen born 1851: condensation of esters; rearrangement of allyl vinyl ethers
David Wesson born 1861: vegetable oils.

January 15

Henry Cavendish reported quantitative composition of water to Royal Society, 1784.
Pierre Samuel DuPont born 1870: president of DuPont credited with diversifying company from explosives to broad-based chemical company
William Prout born 1785: Prout's hypothesis (suggestion that all atomic weights are multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen); analysis of biological materials; identified hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen born 1895: nutrition and development of food resources; nitrogen fixation; preservation of silage; Nobel Prize, 1945
Cyrus More Warren born 1824: fractional distillation of coal tar and petroleum for analytical and industrial applications.
Frank Westheimer born 1912: physical organic chemistry (electrostatic effects, molecular mechanics, photoaffinity labeling)

January 16
Anders Ekeberg born 1767: discovered tantalum (Ta, element 73).

Fermium (Fm, element 100) was first isolated by  Louise Smith, Sherman Fried, Gary Higgins; (back row) Albert Ghiorso, Rod Spence, Glenn Seaborg, Paul Fields and John Huizenga (using ion-exchange chromatorgraphy) and identified, 1953, at University of California, Berkeley.
Leonor Michaelis born 1875: enzyme kinetics; Michaelis-Menten equation.


January 17

Benjamin Franklin born 1706: scientist, inventor, statesman, printer, philosopher, musician, and economist; described marsh gas to Priestley.
James Hall born 1761: geology: laboratory study of rock formation processes, artificial marble
Robert Hare born 1781: invented oxyhydrogen blowtorch.
Anselme Payen born 1795: discovered cellulose, dextrin (produced in the breakdown of starch), pectin, and the enzyme diastase (1833); developed processes for producing borax from boric acid and for refining beet sugar.


January 18

Edward Frankland born 1825: theory of valency; codiscoverer of helium (He, element 2) in the sun through spectroscopy; sanitation and river pollution; organometalic synthesis and valence
Johann (Hans) Goldschmidt born 1861: invented aluminothermite process (Goldschmidt process).


January 19

Henry Bessemer born 1813: metallurgist, inventor of the Bessemer process and Bessemer converter for making steel (US patent 16,082).

Harry Fisher born 1885: inventor in synthetic rubber and rubber technology

Jack Halpern born 1925: mechanisms of the action of vitamins and other biochemicals.

Lucy Weston Pickett born 1904: effects of X-rays on chemical reactions; X-ray crystallography; molecular spectroscopy; Garvan Medal, 1957

Susan Solomon born 1956: atmospheric chemistry of ozone, particularly polar.

James Watt born 1736: best known as an engineer whose version of the steam engine powered the Industrial Revolution, Watt was also one of the first to recognize that water was a compound substance.


January 20
Adolph Frank born 1834: made calcium cyanamide from calcium carbide and nitrogen.

Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier born 1758: research assistant, collaborator, illustrator, editor, publisher, and spouse of Antoine Lavoisier; later spouse (but not collaborator) of Benjamin Thompson,

Count Rumford Horace Wells born 1815: first to use a gas (nitrous oxide) as an anesthetic.


January 21

Dow Chemical produced the first ingot of any metal to be extracted from seawater (magnesium; Mg, element 12), 1941.


Konrad Bloch born 1912: cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism; Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1964.
Eduard Zintl  born 1898: intermetallic compounds; industrial chemistry.


January 22

André-Marie Ampère born 1775: best known for Ampère's law relating magnetic field and electrical current, Ampère also made a hypothesis about gases much like Avogadro's.

Francis Bacon born 1561: inductive scientific method; Novum Organum. Bacon applied his inductive method to the nature of heat.

Alan Heeger born 1936: conducting polymers; Nobel Prize, 2000.

King James I charters the first English organization of pharmacists ("Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London"), 1617.


January 23

The nomination of Marie Curie to the French Academy of Sciences was rejected, 1911.
Otto Diels born 1876: codeveloper of diene synthesis (with Kurt Alder); practical method for synthesis of ring compounds from chain compounds (Diels-Alder reaction); Nobel Prize, 1950 (with Alder)
Gertrude Belle Elion born 1918: pharmaceutical chemist; leukemia-fighting drug (US patent 2,884,667); Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1988.

Karl Karlovich Klaus born 1796: discoverer of ruthenium (Ru, element 44); early platinum chemistry
Paul Langevin born 1872: X-rays and magnetism
John Charles Polanyi born 1929: used infrared chemiluminescence to follow excited reaction products; Nobel Prize, 1986.


January 24

Burris Bell Cunningham and coworkers first reported absorption spectrum of einsteinium compound (Es, element 99) at University of California, Berkeley, 1966.
Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill, California, 1848, causing '49er gold rush.
Joseph-Achille Le Bel born 1847: structural organic chemistry (tetrahedral carbon).
Opportunity rover, a NASA geochemistry robot, lands on Mars, 2004, looking for evidence of water.
Patent for microwave oven (US patent 2,495,429) issued to Percy Spencer, 1950.
Dan Shechtman born 1941: quasicrystals; Nobel Prize, 2011.
Morris William Travers born 1872: codiscoverer of krypton (Kr, element 36), neon (Ne, 10), and xenon (Xe, 54); low temperature chemistry


January 25

Robert Boyle born 1627: defined element; discovered proportionality of gas pressure and volume (Boyle's law); experiments in vacuo (for example, trying to support combustion in a vacuum);
IIT - JEE:  http://iit-jee-chemistry.blogspot.in/2015/05/states-of-matter-core-points-for.html

Arvid Carlsson born 1923: dopamine, Parkinson's disease, and L-dopa (levodopa); Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2000.

Fluoridation of drinking water begins in Grand Rapids, MI (first municipal water fluoridation in US).
William Horne born 1865: refining and manufacture of sugar

Csaba Horvath born 1930: concept of early HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography) instruments.
Martin Klaproth reported to Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1798 the 1782 discovery by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein of a new element and named it tellurium (Te, element 52).

Ilya Prigogine born 1917: thermodynamics of irreversible processes; "dissipative" structures; Nobel Prize, 1977.

January 26

Niels Bohr reported the discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, and its interpretation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, to the Fifth Washington Conference on Theoretical Physics, 1939.

Claude Silbert Hudson born 1881: sugar chemistry; an ACS Award in Carbohydrate chemistry is named after him.
Polycarp Kusch born 1911: magnetic moment of the electron; Nobel Prize (physics), 1955.


January 27

John Carew Eccles born 1903: neurochemistry; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1963.

Thomas Alva Edison receives US Patent 233,898 for incandescent light bulb, 1880.
Victor Moritz Goldschmidt born 1888: mineralogy, geochemistry, distribution and abundance of elements and isotopes
Louis Kahlenberg born 1870: American physical chemist and electrochemist.
August Kekule presented his structure of benzene to the Société Chimique, Paris, 1865.
IIT - JEE: http://iit-jee-chemistry.blogspot.in/2007/10/study-guide-tmh-jee-ch24-benzene.html


January 28
Edith Flanigen born 1929: molecular seives and petroleum refining catalysts.
Herbert Max Finlay Freundlich born 1880: colloids (stabilization by electrolytes) and surfaces (Freundlich adsorption isotherm).
Robert William Holley born 1922: structure and function of transfer-RNA; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1968.
Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale born 1903: X-ray crystallography; determination of benzene structure by X-ray crystallography.


January 29
Henry Carrington Bolton born 1843: author and bibliographer in the history of chemistry.
Linda Buck born 1947: research on olfaction, one of the "chemical senses;" Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2004.
Sydney Chapman born 1888: geophysicist; diffusion in kinetic theory of gases; oxygen reactions for stratospheric ozone
Edward Morley born 1838: ether drift experiments (Michelson-Morley experiment: ); painstakingly precise determination of the combining weights of hydrogen and oxygen
Lewis Frederick Urry born 1927: inventor; alkaline batteries and lithium batteries.


January 30
Peter Agre born 1949: water channels in cell membranes; Nobel Prize, 2003.
Harold Simmons Booth born 1891: inorganic chemistry; fluoride gases
Alexandre-Émile Beguyer de Chancourtois born 1820: geologist whose arrangement of elements and other substances by atomic weight exhibited chemical periodicity in 1862.
George Gerald Henderson born 1862: catalysis


January 31
Irving Langmuir born 1881: surface chemistry (Langmuir adsorption isotherm, Langmuir-Blodgett films); inventor of gas-filled tungsten lamp (US patent 1,180,159), use of atomic hydrogen blowpipe for welding, condensation pump for high vacuum; atomic structure and valence; Nobel Prize, 1932

Theodore William Richards born 1868: atomic weights, electrochemistry, and thermodynamics; discovered that lead from uranium and from thorium had different atomic weights (before isotope concept was introduced); Nobel Prize, 1914.

Chemistry Knowledge History - July

July 1


Birthday
Gerald Maurice Edelman 1929: structure of antibodies; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1972.
Gladys Anderson Emerson 903: isolation and function of vitamin E (tocopherol); vitamin B deficiencies.
Alfred Goodman Gilman 1941: G-proteins and cellular signal transduction; Nobel prize (medicine), 1994.
Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein 1740: discovered tellurium (Te, element 52).


July 2

Birthday 
Richard Axel  1946: research on olfaction, one of the "chemical senses;" Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2004.
Elkan Rodgers Blout born 1919: protein conformation.

William Henry Bragg born 1862: X-ray crystallography (Bragg's law); Nobel Prize (Physics), 1915 with son William Lawrence.
IIT - JEE:  http://iit-jee-physics.blogspot.in/2008/11/braggs-law.html

Fritz Haber demonstrated nitrogen fixation process (Haber process for synthetic ammonia) to Badische Aniline und Soda-Fabrik (BASF), 1909.
Albert Ladenburg born 1842: synthesis of pyridine, piperidine, and other compounds
Jean'ne Marie Shreeve born 1933: synthetic fluorine chemistry, particularly fluorinated compounds of nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus; Garvan Medal, 1972.
Fritz Ullmann born 1872: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.
Paul Weisz born 1919: catalytic activity of artificial and natural zeolites.

July 3

Antoine-Jerome Balard announced discovery of bromine (Br, element 35) to Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1826.
Samuel Proctor Massie, Jr. born 1919: silicon chemistry;
Sergei Semenovich Nametkin born 1876: terpene chemistry; rearrangement of camphenes.

July 4
Ernst Otto Beckmann born 1853: Beckmann rearrangement in organic chemistry; Beckmann thermometer .
NASA Pathfinder landed on Mars, 1997. Unmanned mission included physical and chemical characterization of Martian surface.

July 5
American Cyanamid (now part of BASF Agricultural Products) organized, 1907.
Herbert Spencer Gasser born 1888: electrophysiology of nerves; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1944.
John Howard Northrop born 1891: purification of enzymes and proteins; fermentation process for acetone manufacture; Nobel Prize, 1946.
William Macquorn Rankine born 1820: thermodynamics of steam engines; absolute temperature scale (Rankine scale). His article on science of engineering is very good.
Robert Williams of Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories announced synthesis of vitamin B1, 1936.

July 6
William Hobson Mills born 1873: tetrahedral ammonium ions; materials for photography in red light.
Axel Hugo Theorell born 1903: structure of enzymes; crystallized myoglobin; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1955.

July 7
Robert Goddard obtained a patent (US patent 1,102,653) for a liquid fuel rocket, 1914.
Camillo Golgi born 1843: neuroscience, including the so-called "black reaction" for staining nerve cells; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1906.

July 8
Jason Cardelli reported in Science interstellar abundances of the heaviest elements yet detected in interstellar gas (including thallium and lead), 1994.



July 10
Kurt Alder born 1902: Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction, Nobel Prize, 1950 with Otto Diels.

July 11
Samuel Abraham Goudsmit born 1902: electron spin.
William Robert Grove born 1811: electrochemistry; fuel cells; conservation of energy
Theodore Harold Maiman born 1927: invented ruby laser (first operable optical laser, US patent 3,353,115; )

July 12
Claude Bernard born 1813: discovered glycogen; research on digestion.
Mildred Cohn born 1906: isotopic labeling and isotope effects
Elias James Corey born 1928: synthetic organic chemist, Nobel Prize, 1990.
George Eastman born 1854: inventor and manufacturer of Kodak films and cameras.
William Ramsay and Morris Travers discovered xenon (Xe, element 54).

July 13
Stanislao Cannizzaro born 1826:  Cannizzaro reaction in organic chemistry.

July 14
André Louis Debierne born 1874: radiochemistry, discovered actinium (Ac, element 89).
Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas born 1800: organic chemist (isolated anthracene from coal tar); vapor density method (Dumas method) for determination of atomic and molecular weights; theories of organic radicals and of chemical types.
Ferdinand II de' Medici born 1610: invented a sealed thermometer; patron of scientists, including Galileo.
Ei-ichi Negishi born 1935: palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis; Nobel Prize, 2010.
Mary Lura Sherrill born 1888: organic synthesis of antimalarial compounds; Garvan Medal, 1947. 
Geoffrey Wilkinson born 1921: inorganic chemistry (sandwich compounds, such as ferrocene; complex hydrides, homogeneous catalysis); Nobel Prize, 1973

July 15
William Baker born 1915: molecular structure; solid state materials; physical propoerties of polymers
Max Bodenstein born 1871: chemical kinetics, including chain reactions.
Albert Ghiorso born 1915: co-discoverer of transuranic elements americium (Am, element 95), curium (Cm, 96), berkelium (Bk, 97), californium (Cf, 98), einsteinium (Es, 99), fermium (Fm, 100), mendelevium (Md, 101), nobelium (No, 102), lawrencium (Lr, 103), rutherfordium (Rf, 104), dubnium (Db, 105; hahnium was proposed name), and seaborgium (Sg, 106).
Robert Bruce Merrifield born 1921: solid-phase peptide synthesis; Nobel Prize, 1984
The Royal Society (UK), one of the oldest scientific societies, was granted a charter by Charles II, 1662.

July 16
Atomic bomb test, Trinity Site, Alamogordo Air Force Base, 1945.
Joseph Goldberger born 1874: physician in the US public health service; linked pellagra to a dietary deficiency.
Irwin Rose born 1926: protein chemistry; Nobel Prize, 2004, "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation."
Alfred Stock born 1876: boron hydrides, mercury poisoning.

July 17
Frederick Augustus Abel born 1827: co-inventor of cordite; Abel tester for petroleum flash point

July 18
Roald Hoffmann born 1937: molecular orbital theory; Woodward-Hoffmann rules (conservation of orbital symmetry); Nobel Prize, 1981.
Robert Hooke born 1635: best known as a physicist for his work on elasticity and a biologist for microscopy (Micrographia), Hooke also studied gases.
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz born 1853: structure of matter and optical properties; Zeeman effect; Nobel prize (Physics) 1902 with Zeeman.
Hartmut Michel born 1948: structure of photosynthetic proteins; Nobel Prize, 1988.
Frederick Dominic Rossini born 1899: numerical reference data in thermodynamics.

July 19
Eleuthère du Pont began construction of gunpowder factory (precursor of DuPont), 1802.
Allene Jeanes born 1906: food chemist, first woman to win USDA Distinguished Service Award, 1953.
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow born 1921: developed radioimmunoassay; Nobel Prize (Medicine) 1977.
July 20
Gerd Binnig born 1947: scanning tunneling microscope; Nobel Prize (Physics), 1986.
Tadeus Reichstein born 1897: hormones of the adrenal cortex; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1950.
July 21
Georg Brandt born 1694: discovered cobalt (Co, element 27).
Rudolph Arthur Marcus born 1923: theory of electron transfer reactions; Nobel prize, 1992. Marcus is the M of RRKM theory; read a retrospective paper by Marcus.
Henri-Victor Regnault born 1810: thermometry and other thermal phenomena.

July 22
Selman Abraham Waksman born 1888: discovery of antitubercular agent streptomycin; Nobel prize (Medicine), 1952. the streptomycin patent (US 2,449,866).

July 23
Emma Perry Carr born 1880: ultraviolet spectra of hydrocarbons; first recipient of ACS Garvan Medal, 1937.
Icie Macy Hoobler born 1892: biochemistry related to nutrition of children, infants, and pregnant women
Vladimir Prelog born 1906: organic stereochemistry, including Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules for nomenclature; Nobel prize, 1975.

July 24
William de Wiveleslie Abney born 1843: color photography and its chemistry.

July 25
Colgate-Palmolive incorporated 1923
Rosalind Franklin born 1920: X-ray crystallography of DNA;
Andreas Libavius died 1616 (birth date unknown in 1540): author of Alchemia (or Alchymia) (perhaps first chemical textbook), fuming liquor of Libavius, ammonium sulfate, chemical analysis.

July 26
Isaac Babbitt born 1799: invented babbitt's metal for bearings (an alloy of tin, antimony, and copper)

Paul Walden born 1863: electrical conductivity and electrolytic dissociation; Walden inversion.

July 27
Bertram Borden Boltwood born 1870: early radioactivity and radiochemistry research.
Friedrich Dorn born 1848: discovered radon (Rn, element 86), an "emanation of radium" in 1900.
Hans Fischer born 1881: research on hemin, chlorophyll, porphyrins, and related compounds; Nobel prize, 1930

July 28
James Curtis Booth born 1810: methods for refining gold-silver bullion at US Mint, Philadelphia.

July 29
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat born 1910: separated viral RNA from protein and showed that RNA was the active agent, turning attention to the role of nucleic acids in heredity.
Walter Julius Reppe born 1892: industrial organic chemistry (at BASF); high-pressure reactions of acetylene.
Isidor Isaac Rabi born 1898: atomic and molecular beam spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic properties; Nobel Prize (Physics), 1944

July 30

July 31
August Beer born 1825: Beer-Lambert law relating absorption of light to concentration of absorbing material
Paul Delos Boyer born 1918: enzymatic mechanism of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis; Nobel Prize, 1997.
The first US patent was in industrial chemistry, issued in 1790 to Samuel Hopkins on a process for making potash and pearl ashes (signed by President Washington).
Stephanie Kwolek born 1923: invented Kevlar® (US patent 3,819,587); Perkin medal 1997.
Primo Levi born 1919: chemically-trained memoirist; Survival in Auschwitz and The Periodic Table.
Sofia Simmonds born 1917: amino acid metabolism of bacteria; Garvan Medal, 1969.
Friedrich Wöhler born 1800: synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic materials (oxalic acid and urea); isolated aluminum (Al, element 13) and beryllium (Be, 4); preparation of acetylene (ethyne) from calcium carbide

Chemsitry History
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/July.html


Updated 23 Nov 2015, 21 July 2012

Chemistry Knowledge History - December

Chemsitry History - December
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/December.html


December 1
The Drunkometer, first practical breath test for alcohol, was patented in 1936 by Rolla Neil Harger (US patent 2,062,785).

Martin Heinrich Klaproth born 1743: discovered uranium (actually uranium dioxide) (U, element 92) from pitchblende; discovered zirconium (Zr, 40); codiscovered cerium (Ce, 58); rediscovered chromium (Cr, 24).

Martin Rodbell born 1925: G-proteins and their role in signaling in cells; Nobel prize (medicine), 1994


December 2

Paul (Ching-Wu) Chu born 1941: high-temperature superconducting materials.

Isabella Karle born (as Isabella Lugoski) 1921: three-dimensional structure of molecules via diffraction of X-rays and electrons.

First artificially initiated self-sustained nuclear fission reaction (Chicago pile one) under Stagg Field, University of Chicago, 1942.

Nikolai Matveyevich Kishner born 1867: Wolff-Kishner reduction of aldehydes and ketones.
Ludwig Knorr born 1859: synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.

December 3

Paul Josef Crutzen born 1933: meteorology and atmospheric chemistry including ozone chemistry; Nobel Prize, 1995. Link to his 1970 paper on nitrogen oxides and ozone.
Carl Koller born 1857: biological effects of cocaine; pioneer in local anaesthesia (with cocaine).
Richard Kuhn born 1900: structure and synthesis of vitamins and carotenoids; refused Nobel Prize in 1938 on instructions of Nazi government, but received it in 1949.
Ellen Swallow Richards born 1842: analytical chemistry, particularly as applied to water quality; founder of the home economics movement
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn born 1886: X-ray spectroscopy; father of 1981 Nobel laureate electron spectroscopist Kai Siegbahn; Nobel Prize (physics), 1924.

December 4

Alfred Day Hershey born 1908: microbial genetics; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1969.
Charles Holmes Herty born 1867: chemistry of natural resources; paper chemistry.

December 5

Carl Ferdinand Cori born 1896: carbohydrate metabolism; discovered how glycogen is catalytically converted; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1947 (with wife Gerty)
Werner Heisenberg born 1901: quantum mechanics (matrix mechanics); Heisenberg uncertainty principle; Nobel Prize (physics),

Christian Friedrich Schönbein received US patent 4,874 for guncotton, 1846.


December 6

Charles Frederick Chandler born 1836: researcher in sugar, petroleum, and illuminating gas industries; a founder of the American Chemical Society
Rudolph Fittig born 1835: organic synthesis (e.g., lactones, toluene); Wurtz-Fittig reaction; discovered diphenyl phenanthrene and coumarone (benzofuran)
Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac born 1778: law of expansion of gases with increasing temperature; law of combining volumes of gases; isolated boron (B, element 5); research on chlorine, fermentation, prussic acid, and composition of water.
Charles Martin Hall born 1863: discovered method of extracting aluminum electrolytically (US patent 400,665) from bauxite
Nicolas Leblanc born 1742: Leblanc process for making sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) from common salt.
George Porter born 1920: developed flash photolysis technique for chemical kinetics; Nobel Prize, 1967
George Eugene Uhlenbeck born 1900: electron spin.


December 7

First thermosetting manmade plastic ("Bakelite") patented, 1909 (US patents 942,699 and 942,700 to Leo Baekeland): reaction involved phenol and formaldehyde.

Linus Pauling published Vitamin C and the Common Cold, 1970.
Theodor Schwann born 1810: named and investigated pepsin; coined the word metabolism.
December 8
Eugene Cook Bingham born 1878: plastic flow and viscosity
Thomas Robert Cech born 1947: discovered cellular role of ribonucleic acid (RNA); Nobel Prize, 1989.
Jan Ingenhousz born 1730: early work on the phenomenon of photosynthesis, including a description of the production of oxygen by plants
Thomas Edward Thorpe born 1845: atomic weights, viscosity of liquids, and chemical analyses

December 9

Claude-Louis Berthollet born 1749: steps toward the law of mass action; analysis of ammonia; discovered bleaching action of chlorine; discovered composition of prussic acid (HCN); showed that acids need not contain oxygen.
Fritz Haber born 1868: high-pressure synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen (Haber process); Nobel Prize, 1918
William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. born 1919: three-dimensional structure of enzymes and proteins; research on boranes; Nobel Prize, 1976.
Eilhard Mitscherlich read paper on isomorphism to Royal Academy of Science, Berlin, 1819.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele born 1742: discovered chlorine (Cl, element 17); isolated oxygen ("fire air"); Scheele's green; isolated phosphorus (P, element 15) from bone ash; research on action of light on silver salts; synthesized organic acids

December 10

Norbert Rillieux received US Patent 4879 for multiple effect evaporator for sugar refining, 1846.

December 11

Max Born born 1882: quantum mechanics; interpretation of the wave function (Born interpretation); Born-Oppenheimer approximation in molecular quantum mechanics; Nobel Prize (physics), 1954.
Charles Frederick Cross born 1855: rayon manufacture (cellulose acetate), cellulose and papermaking.
Paul Greengard born 1925: biochemical action of dopamine and other neurotransmitters; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2000.
Vitamin B12 isolated by Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1947.
Horace Wells, dentist, first used nitrous oxide as an anesthetic, 1844.

December 12

Eugen Baumann born 1846: iodine in thyroid.
First pure compound of californium (Cf, element 98) announced at 1960 meeting of American Nuclear Society.
William Henry born 1775 : discovered that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the gas pressure (Henry's law).
Alfred Werner born 1866: coordination chemistry; inorganic complexes, stereochemistry; Nobel Prize, 1913

December 13

Olaf Kristian Birkeland born 1867: first industrial fixing of nitrogen.
Casein fiber patented, 1938, by Earle Whittier and Stephen Gould.
William Henry Chandler born 1841: academic chemistry laboratory design and instruction in the US.
Charles Alfred Coulson born 1910: Valence and molecular structure calculations.
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner born 1780: noted triads of elements with similar properties and a progression of atomic weight; catalytic action of platinum; invented instantaneous-lighting lamp (Döbereiner lamp)

Max Josef von Pettenkofer born 1818: calorimeter for human energy changes.

December 14

Max Planck introduced the notion of light as quantized energy packets to the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, (German Physical Society) 1900.
Glenn Seaborg, Edwin McMillan, Joseph Kennedy, and Arthur Wahl bombarded uranium oxide with 16-MeV deuterons to produce plutonium (Pu, element 94) in 1940.
Edward Lawrie Tatum born 1909: discovered genes which regulate some chemical processes; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1958

December 15
 Antoine-Henri Becqurel born 1852: discovered radioactivity (Becquerel rays) from uranium salts; Nobel Prize (physics), 1903.
Maurice Wilkins born 1916: X-ray crystallography of biological materials; DNA structure; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1962.

December 16
Johann Wilhelm Ritter born 1776: electrolyzed water, collecting hydrogen and oxygen; discovered ultraviolet rays

December 17

Émilie du Châtelet born 1706: chemical nature of fire

Humphry Davy born 1778: isolated barium (Ba, element 56), calcium (Ca, 20), magnesium (Mg, 12), potassium (K, 19), sodium (Na, 11), and strontium (Sr, 38); co-discovered boron (B, 5); recognized as elementary and named chlorine (Cl, 17); invented Davy mine safety lamp. His first work on heat and friction includes some insightful ideas and dubious experiments.

Michael Faraday enunciated first law of electrolysis, "Chemical power, like magnetic force, is in direct proportion to the absolute quantity of electricity which passes," 1832.

Fission of uranium (U, element 92) by neutrons detected by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Berlin, 1938; the interpretation of the event as fission would await a paper by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch.

Willard Frank Libby born 1908: developed carbon dating; Nobel Prize, 1960.

John Lawrence Smith born 1818: toxicology and chemistry of minerals

December 18

Mary Letitia Caldwell born 1890: isolation, structure, and activity of starch enzymes (amylases).

Joseph John (J. J.) Thomson born 1856: characterized "cathode rays", discovering a particle (the electron) with much smaller mass to charge ratio than any known up to that time; Nobel Prize (Physics), 1906. Thomson went on to determine the charge of cathode rays and identify them with other manifestations of electrons; his work on positive rays led to the development of mass spectroscopy; his work on the structure of atoms include his "plum pudding model" and an argument that the number of electrons in an atom was comparable to its atomic mass (in atomic mass units).

Edgar Bright Wilson born 1908: vibrational spectroscopy (Molecular Vibrations ).


December 19

Thomas Andrews born 1813: discovered critical temperatures of gases (temperature above which they cannot be liquefied); read his lecture on the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states.

Berkelium (Bk, element 97) discovered by Kenneth Street, Jr., Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, and Albert Ghiorso using ion-exchange chromatography at University of California, Berkeley, 1949.

Pauline Beery Mack born 1891: nutritional content of meat and vegetables; bone density studies; laundering behavior of textiles; Garvan Medal, 1950.

Alan Walsh born 1916: atomic absorption spectroscopy.

December 20

Einsteinium (Es, element 99) discovered by  Louise Smith, Sherman Fried, Gary Higgins; Albert Ghiorso, Rod Spence, Glenn Seaborg, Paul Fields and John Huizenga using ion-exchange chromatography at University of California, Berkeley, 1952.

Birthdays

Thomas Graham 1805: absorption of gases, osmosis, colloids, and dialysis; Graham's law of effusion

Jaroslav Heyrovsky 1890: invented polarographic method of analysis; Nobel Prize, 1959.

December 21

John Mayow baptized 1641 (birth date uncertain): discovered that air contained two gases, one of which ("spiritus nitro-aerous") supported life and combustion.

Hermann Joseph Muller born 1890: theory of genes; mutation by X-rays; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1946.

More Details on the topics


December 22

William Lloyd Evans born 1870: chemistry of carbohydrates;

Arie Jan Haagen-Smit born 1900: nature and source of smog; smog abatement.

Vladimir Markovnikov born 1838: synthesis of cyclobutane and cyclopentane derivatives; Markovnikov's rule for additions to alkenes.

John Clarke Slater born 1900: orbital approaches to quantum chemistry (Slater-type orbitals, Slater determinant); tetrahedral carbon compounds.


December 23

Axel Fredrik Cronstedt born 1722: discovered nickel (Ni, element 28) and zeolite; classification of minerals
Helen Abbott Michael born 1857: chemical composition of plants; synthetic organic chemistry;

Paul Schützenberger born 1829: physiological chemistry.

December 24

James Prescott Joule born 1818: thermodynamics; mechanical equivalent of heat (view his apparatus; Joule-Thomson effect (temperature of gas falls when the gas expands without doing work); kinetic theory of gases

Benjamin Rush born 1745: signer of Declaration of Independence; published first American chemistry textbook

Augustus Vernon-Harcourt born 1834: invented 10-candlepower standard lamp using pentane.

December 25

Herman Frasch born 1851: sulfur mining (Frasch process, developed in Louisiana)
William Gregor born 1761: discovered titanium (Ti, element 22); analysis of minerals
Gerhard Herzberg born 1904: spectroscopic analysis of electronic structure and geometry of molecules and radicals; Nobel Prize, 1971
Isaac Newton born 1642: made fundamental contributions to physics (gravitation, optics, mechanics) and mathematics (calculus); researcher in alchemy.
Ludwig Ferdinand Wilhelmy born 1812: chemical kinetics; first measurement of homogeneous reaction rate.
Adolf Windaus born 1876: synthesis of histamine; structure of cholesterol; research on steroids; Nobel Prize, 1928

December 26

Clemens Winkler born 1838: discovered germanium (Ge, element 32); analysis of gases
Marie and Pierre Curie discover radium (element 88, Ra), 1898.
Ali Javan born 1928: inventor of helium-neon laser, the first gas laser and first continuous-wave (CW) laser.

December 27
Gerardus Johannes Mulder born 1802: protein analysis; physiological chemistry (including chemistry of wine).
Louis Pasteur born 1822: research in stereochemistry (optical activity of tartaric acids), fermentation, decomposition, microbes, and anti-microbial treatment of beverages (pasteurization)

December 28
Ernest Eliel born 1921: organic stereochemistry and conformational analysis
Karl Remigius Fresenius born 1818: qualitative and quantitative analytical chemistry
Kary Mullis born 1944: developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for making copies of DNA; Nobel Prize, 1993
Wilhelm Röntgen announced his discovery of new rays, 1895, inspiring research that would lead to a thousand papers on X-rays within a year.
Lewis Hastings Sarett synthesized cortisone at Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1944.


December 29

Discovery of heavy water (D2O) announced, 1931.
Ellen Gleditsch born 1879: nuclear chemistry; half life of radium.
Charles Goodyear born 1800: vulcanization of rubber (US patent 3,633)
Helen Vaughn Michel born 1932: neutron activation analysis, with applications to archeology and geology
Alexander Parkes born 1813: invented parkesine (later called xylonite, a kind of celluloid); electroplating

December 30

William David Coolidge of General Electric is issued US Patent 1,082,933 for ductile tungsten for incandescent bulb filaments, 1913.


December 31

Hermann Boerhaave born 1668: physician and chemist, Elementa Chemiae
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac read his memoir on combining volumes of gases to the Philomathic Society of Arcueil, 1808.
Colin Garfield Fink born 1881: electrochemical research, development, industry, and education; president of the Electrochemical Society
Gilbert Stork born 1921: organic synthesis; first stereorational synthesis (cantharidin, 1951); stereoselective total synthesis of quinine.

Science History  in December

http://chemistry.about.com/od/decemberinscience/december_in_Science_Today_in_Science_History.htm



Updated  23/11/2015, 20/12/2014

21 December - Chemistry Knowledge History

John Mayow baptized 1641 (birth date uncertain): discovered that air contained two gases, one of which ("spiritus nitro-aerous") supported life and combustion.

Hermann Joseph Muller born 1890: theory of genes; mutation by X-rays; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1946.




December - Chemistry Knowledge History

John Mayow's Scientific Work

Mayow published at Oxford in 1668 two tracts, on respiration and rickets,


Accepting Boyle's experiments and theory that air is necessary for combustion, Mayow showed that fire is supported not by the air as a whole but by a more active and subtle part of it. This part he called "spiritus igneo-aereus," or sometimes "nitro-aereus", In combustion the nitro-aereae  supplied by the air combined with the material burnt.  Mayow observed  that antimony, strongly heated with a burning glass, undergoes an increase of weight  and he attributed it  to nothing else but these particles.

Mayow argued that the same particles are consumed in respiration, because he found that when a small animal and a lighted candle were placed in a closed vessel full of air the candle first went out and soon afterwards the animal died. However, if there was no candle present the animal lived twice as long. He concluded that this constituent of the air is absolutely necessary for life, and supposed that the lungs separate it from the atmosphere and pass it into the blood. Mayow also came out with the idea that muscles work or contract due to combination of nitro aereus  with other combustible (salino-sulphureous) particles in the body; hence the heart, being a muscle, ceases to beat when respiration is stopped. Heat in animals is due to the union of nitro-aerial particles, breathed in from the air, with the combustible particles in the blood, and it occurs in muscles during violent exertions.

In effect, therefore, Mayow gave a remarkably correct anatomical description of the mechanism of respiration and argued for the existence of oxygen, under the guise of his "spiritus nitro-aereus," as a separate entity distinct from the general mass of the air. Mayow perceived the part "spiritus nitro-aereus" plays in combustion and in increasing the weight of the calces (oxides) of metals as compared with metals themselves. Mayow described inspiration a mechanism for introducing oxygen into the body, where it is consumed for the production of heat and muscular activity. He even vaguely conceived of expiration as an excretory process. Using bell-jars over water Mayow showed that the active substance - nitro-aereus that we today call oxygen constitutes about a fifth part of the air.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayow


Mutation of genes

Genes mutate due to thermal agitations. One gene may mutate but others around may remain stable.
Therefore high energy radiation can produe gene mutations.

Read Muller's Nobel Lecture on Mutation of Genes
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/muller-lecture.html


December Month Chemistry Knowledge History

22 December - Chemistry Knowledge History

Vladimir Markovnikov born 1838: synthesis of cyclobutane and cyclopentane derivatives; Markovnikov's rule for additions to alkenes.
William Lloyd Evans born 1870: chemistry of carbohydrates;
John Clarke Slater born 1900: orbital approaches to quantum chemistry (Slater-type orbitals, Slater determinant); tetrahedral carbon compounds.
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit born 1900: nature and source of smog; smog abatement.




Markovnikov's rule for additions to alkenes.

When  the alkene which is unsymmetrical reacts with halogen acid,  two products are possible depending upon the carbon atom to which the halogen atom is attached.

Markovnikov rule: during the addition across unsymmetrical multiple bond, the negative part of the attacking reagent joins with the carbon atom which carries smaller number of hydrogen atoms while the positive part goes to the carbon atom with more hydrogen atoms.

Due to fact that the reaction proceeds according to Markow(v)nikov's explanation, addition of HBr to Propene gives 2-Bromopropene as the major product up to 90%.

Exception to Markovnikov rule - Kharasch effect - Peroxide effect: During the addition of HBr to an unsymmetrical alkene in the presence of organic peroxids (e.g., benzoyl peroxide), Br atom will join to the carbon carrying more hydrogen atoms while H atom will go to the other carbon atom.

Propene + HBR in the presence of Benzoyl peroxide gives 1-Bromopropane.

Chemistry Knowledge History - March

Chemistry History
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/March.html

Chemistry Knowledge History - May

Chemistry History
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/May.html

Chemistry Knowledge History - June

Chemistry History
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/June.html