Sunday, May 24, 2015

Ch.2 States of Matter - JEE Main Core Points for Revision

Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.

Matter exists in three physical states, solid, liquid, and gaseous.

Solid State: A substance in solid state has a definite size (volume) and a definite shape. As we know shape can be changed by applying force. It can be broken into pieces by hammering etc. The solids are hard and rigid. Some common solids in article share we see are stainless plates and glasses. We also use things like combs, mirrors, scooters and cars. Some of the elements that we see in solid shape are iron, aluminium, silver,and gold etc.

Liquid State: A liquid possesses definite volume but not a definite shape.

Gaseous State: A gas of a given mass, neither possesses a definite volume nor definite shape.

Contents of the Chapter

2.1 Intermolecular Forces Versus Thermal Energy of Three States of Matter
2.2 Measurable Properties of Gases
2.3 Gas Laws
2.4 Some Problems Involing Chemical Equations

2.6 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
2.7 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of molecular Speeds
2.8 Deviations from Ideal Gas Behavior - Real Gases
2.9 Liquification of Gases and Their  Critical Phenomena
2.10 Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids
2.11 Properties of Liquids
2.12 Charateristics of Solids
2.13 Classification of Solids
2.14 Size andShare of Crystals
2.15 Types of Solids on the basis of Binding Forces
2.16 Intermolecular Forces


Core Revision Points of the Chapter States of Matter

2.1 Intermolecular Forces Versus Thermal Energy of Three States of Matter



Particle concept of matter: According to this concept, all matter consists of tiny particles (atoms or molecules) which are constantly moving in all directions. These particles exert attractive forces upon one another called inter particle (intermolecular) forces.

2.2 Measurable Properties of Gases


1. Measurement of Mass
2. Measurement Volume
3. Measurement of Pressure
4. Measurement of Temperature

2.3 Gas Laws


1. Boyle's Law (Boyle Bday 25 January)
2. Charles' Law
3. Avogadro Law
4. The Combined Gas Lawor Ideal Gas Equation
5. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
6. Graham's Law of Diffusion or Effusion



1. Boyle's Law
2. Charles' Law
3. Avogadro Law
4. The Combined Gas Law or Ideal Gas Equation

2.4 Some Problems Involing Chemical Equations

2.5 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures






6. Graham's Law of Diffusion or Effusion


When a cylinder of colourless hydrogen gas inverted over a cylinder of brown bromine vapour, after some time, we can see that both the cylinders become yellowish brown. This means hydrogen has travelled to the lower cylinder and bromine vapour moved to the upper cylinder.

Gases have the tendency to intermix and to form a homogeneous mixture. This property is known as diffusion.

Diffusion is defined as the process of intermixing of two or more gases, irrespective of density relationship adn without the help of external agency.


Graham's Law of Diffusion: The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density or molar mass.


Effusion: Effusion is a special case of diffusion wherein a gas escapes through a small aperture from the vessel in which it is contained.

The rate of escape is inversely proportional to the square root of its density or molar mass.

2.6 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases


The important postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory

1. Gases consist of large number of minute particles called molecules.
2. The molecules are separated by large distances. The empty space in gas is so large that the actual volume occupied by the molecules is negligible when compared to the total volume of the gas.
3. Molecules of the gas are in state of random motion in all directions. In this motion they keep on colliding with each other and also the walls of the container.
4. Collisions between molecules as well as between molecules and walls of the container are elastic. It means there is no loss of energy in the system due to collisions. There may be redistribution of energy among molecules.
5. There are no forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules.
6. The pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of a container is due to the collision of the molecules.
7. The average kinetic energy of translational motion of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.

2.7 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of molecular Speeds


Average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relation with temperature;


Molecular Speeds

From the expression for kinetic temperature

Substitution gives the root mean square (rms) molecular velocity:

From the Maxwell speed distribution this speed as well as the average and most probable speeds can be calculated.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/kinetic/kintem.html

2.8 Deviations from Ideal Gas Behavior - Real Gases


Van der Wals' equation for real gases

2.9 Liquification of Gases and Their  Critical Phenomena


Critical temperature is the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied however high the pressure may be.

2.10 Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids

 1. Liquids are composed of molecules.
2. There are appreciable intermolecular forces between molecules that hold them together in the liquid.
3. Still, the intermolecular forces are weak, hence molecules of liquids are in constant random motion.
4. The average kinetic energy of molecules in a given sample is proportional to the absolute temperature.

2.11 Properties of Liquids



1. Volume
2. Density
3.Compressibility
4. Diffusion
5. Evaporation
6. Enthalpy of vaporisastion

7.Vapour Pressure

When a liquid is placed in a vessel and is covered with jar, from the liquid evaporation takes place and the vapour of the liquid or molecules of the liquid in gap form fill the available space. As the evaporation takes place over a period of time, the number of gaseous molecules goes up. As evaporation is taking place some molecules in the gaseous phase collide with the surface of the liquid and become liquid molecules. Thus both evaporation and condensation take place simultaneously. But initially there is more evaporation and less condensation. At the some stage, rate of evaporation equals rate of condensation and equilibrium is established between gas and liquid phases. The pressure exerted by the vapours at the equilibrium stage is called vapour pressure.

Definition
The pressure exerted by the vapours above the liquid surface (in a closed vessel) in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature is called vapour pressure.

Vapour pressure changes from liquid to liquid. It depends on intermolecular forces. if the forces in a liquid are weak, there is more gas formation and hence more vapour pressure.

A higher temperature there is more gas formation and hence for the same liquid vapour pressures increase with temperature.

8. Boiling
9. Surface tension
10. Viscosity

2.12 Charateristics of Solids


1. Solids are rigid and have definite shape


2.13 Classification of Solids


1. Crystalline Solids  2. Amorphous Solids

2.14 Size and Share of Crystals


Law of constancy of interfacial angles of a crystal,

2.15 Types of Solids on the basis of Binding Forces


1. Molecular crystals
2. Iconic crystals
3. Covalent crystals
4. Metallic crystals

2.16 Intermolecular Forces


In addition to normal covalent bond, ionic bond, and metallic bond, there are weak attractive intermolecular forces which occur in all kinds of molecular solids. These are present in case of non-polar molecules such as H2, O2, CO2, CH4 etc. also.

These are classified as:
i) Dipole-dipole forces
ii) Dipole induced dipole forces
iii) Instantaneous dipole-instantaneous induced dipole forces (called London forces)
iv) Hydrogen bonding

Saturday, May 23, 2015

18. Chemistry in Everyday Life - JEE Main - Core Revision Points

Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.

Sections in the chapter – Jauhar

18.1 Chemical medicines and health care
18.2 Dyes
18.3 Chemicals in Cosmetics
18.4 Advanced materials
18.5 Chemicals in food
18.6 Detergents
18.7 Insect repellants: pheromones and sex attractants
18.8 Chemistry of rocket propellants



Sections in the chapter – Jauhar

18.1 Chemical medicines and health care
18.2 Dyes
18.3 Chemicals in Cosmetics
18.4 Advanced materials
18.5 Chemicals in food
18.6 Detergents
18.7 Insect repellants: pheromones and sex attractants
18.8 Chemistry of rocket propellants

17. Biomolecules - JEE Main - Core Revision Points


Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.

Sections in the chapter - Jauhar

17.1 The Cell
17.2 Energy cycle
17.3 Carbohydrates
17.4 Monosaccharides
17.5 Disaccharides
17.6 Polysaccharides
17.7 Important functions of carbohydrates
17.8 Aminoacids
17.9 Structure of alpha-Amino acids
17.10 Peptides and proteins
17.11 Proteins
17.12 Classification of proteins
17.13 Structure of proteins
17.14 Forces that stabilize protein structures
17.15 Native states and denaturation of proteins
17.16 Enzymes
17.17 Nucleic acids
17.18 Structure of DNA
17.19 Lipids
17.20 Hormones
17.21 Vitamins

Sections in the chapter - Jauhar

17.1 The Cell
17.2 Energy cycle
17.3 Carbohydrates
17.4 Monosaccharides
17.5 Disaccharides
17.6 Polysaccharides
17.7 Important functions of carbohydrates
17.8 Aminoacids
17.9 Structure of alpha-Amino acids
17.10 Peptides and proteins
17.11 Proteins
17.12 Classification of proteins
17.13 Structure of proteins
17.14 Forces that stabilize protein structures
17.15 Native states and denaturation of proteins
17.16 Enzymes
17.17 Nucleic acids
17.18 Structure of DNA
17.19 Lipids
17.20 Hormones
17.21 Vitamins

15. Organic Compounds with functional Groups Containing Nitrogen (Nitro, Amino, Cyano and Diazo Compounds) - JEE Main - Core Revision Points

Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.

Sections in the chapter spread over three parts

Part A Nitro compounds

15A.1 Nomenclature of nitro compounds
15.2 Preparation of nitro compounds
15.3 Physical properties of nitro compounds
15.4 Chemical properties of nitro compounds
15.5 Uses of nitro compounds
15.6 Distinction between nitroalkanes and alkyl nitrites
15.7 Some commercially important compounds


Part B Amines

15B.1 Nomenclature of amines
15.2 Isomerism in amines
15B.3 Preparation of amines
15B.4 Industrial Preparation of amines
15B.5 Physical properties of amines
15B.5B Chemical properties of amines
15B.6 Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary amines
15B.7 Separation of mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
15B.8 Some commercially important compounds
15B.9 Distinction between pairs of compounds




Part C. Cyanides and Isocyanides & Diazonium salts

Cyanides and Isocyanides
15C.1 Nomenclature of Cyanides and Isocyanides
15.2 Preparation of Cyanides and Isocyanides
15.3 Physical properties of Cyanides and Isocyanides
15.4 Chemical properties of Cyanides and Isocyanides
15.5 Uses of Cyanides and Isocyanides
15.6 Distinction between cyanide and ethyl isocyanide
Practice Problems 15C.1 to 15C.4

Diazonium salts

15.7 Nomenclature Diazonium salts
15.8 Preparation of Diazonium salts
15.9 Physical properties of Diazonium salts
15.10 Chemical properties of Diazonium salts
15.11 Importance of Benzene Diazonium salts in synthetic organic chemistry






Sections in the chapter spread over three parts

Part A Nitro compounds

15A.1 Nomenclature of nitro compounds
15.2 Preparation of nitro compounds
15.3 Physical properties of nitro compounds
15.4 Chemical properties of nitro compounds
15.5 Uses of nitro compounds
15.6 Distinction between nitroalkanes and alkyl nitrites
15.7 Some commercially important compounds


Part B Amines

15B.1 Nomenclature of amines
15.2 Isomerism in amines
15B.3 Preparation of amines
15B.4 Industrial Preparation of amines
15B.5 Physical properties of amines
15B.5B Chemical properties of amines
15B.6 Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary amines
15B.7 Separation of mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
15B.8 Some commercially important compounds
15B.9 Distinction between pairs of compounds




Part C. Cyanides and Isocyanides & Diazonium salts

Cyanides and Isocyanides
15C.1 Nomenclature of Cyanides and Isocyanides
15.2 Preparation of Cyanides and Isocyanides
15.3 Physical properties of Cyanides and Isocyanides
15.4 Chemical properties of Cyanides and Isocyanides
15.5 Uses of Cyanides and Isocyanides
15.6 Distinction between cyanide and ethyl isocyanide
Practice Problems 15C.1 to 15C.4

Diazonium salts

15.7 Nomenclature Diazonium salts
15.8 Preparation of Diazonium salts
15.9 Physical properties of Diazonium salts
15.10 Chemical properties of Diazonium salts
15.11 Importance of Benzene Diazonium salts in synthetic organic chemistry

11. Nuclear Chemistry - JEE Main - Core Revision Points

Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.


11.1 Natural Radioactivity:Discovery and historical development
11.2 Nature and characteristics of Radioactive rays
11.3 Nuclear structure and nuclear forces
11.4 Nuclear reactions and group displacement law
Practice Problems: 11.1 to 11.8
11.5 Radioactive disintegration series
11.6 Rate of radioactivity decay
P.P. 11.9 to 11.16
11.7 Artificial transmutation of elements
11.8 Artificial or induced radioactivity
P.P. 11.17 to 11.20
11.9 Nuclear energy
P.P. 11.21 to 11.24
11.10 Nuclear fission
11.11 Atomic bomb and Nuclear reactor
11.12 Nuclear Fusion
P.P. 11.25 to 11.26
11.13 Synthetic elements
11.14 Radioactive isotopes and their uses
P.P. 11.27 to 11.38
11.15 Hazards of Nuclear radiations





11.1 Natural Radioactivity:Discovery and historical development
11.2 Nature and characteristics of Radioactive rays
11.3 Nuclear structure and nuclear forces
11.4 Nuclear reactions and group displacement law
Practice Problems: 11.1 to 11.8
11.5 Radioactive disintegration series
11.6 Rate of radioactivity decay
P.P. 11.9 to 11.16
11.7 Artificial transmutation of elements
11.8 Artificial or induced radioactivity
P.P. 11.17 to 11.20
11.9 Nuclear energy
P.P. 11.21 to 11.24
11.10 Nuclear fission
11.11 Atomic bomb and Nuclear reactor
11.12 Nuclear Fusion
P.P. 11.25 to 11.26
11.13 Synthetic elements
11.14 Radioactive isotopes and their uses
P.P. 11.27 to 11.38
11.15 Hazards of Nuclear radiations

JEE Main 2016 - 2015 - 2016 Chemistry Study Plan

1. Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding

Study Plan  - May  - 15 days   1 to 15 May

Core Revision Points

2. Solid State

Study Plan - May - 10 Days   16 to 25 May

Core Revision Points

3. Solutions

Study Plan  15 Days   26 May to 30 May - 1 June to 10 June

Core Revision Points

4. Chemical Thermodynamics

Study Plan -  15 Days  June  11 to 25

Core Revision Points

5. Electrochemistry

Study Plan  -  15 Days June  26 to 30, July 1 to 10

Core Revision Points

6. Chemical Kinetics

Study Plan - 15 Days  July 11 to 25

Core Revision Points

7. Surface Chemistry

Study Plan - 10 days  July 25 to 30, 1 to 5 August

Core Revision Points

8. p-Block Elements

Study Plan - 15 days  6 to 20 August

Core Revision Points

9. d and f -Block Elements

Study Plan - 10 Days  21 to 30 August

Core Revision Points

10. Co-ordination Compounds and Organometallics

Study Plan - 10 Days   1 to 10 September

Core Revision Points

11. Nuclear Chemistry

Study Plan - 15 Days   11 to 25 September

Core Revision Points

A Preview of Organic Chemistry  - 9 Days of slack time is there in the year.

Study Plan

Core Revision Points

12. Stereochemistry

Study Plan - 11 Days  26 to 30 September   1 to 6 October

Core Revision Points

13. Organic Compounds with functional Groups Containing Oxygen - I (Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers)

Study Plan - 15 Days  - 7 to 21 Ocotber

Core Revision Points

14. Organic Compounds with functional Groups Containing Oxygen – II (Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives)

Study Plan - 15 Days - 22 to 30 October,  1 to 6 November

Core Revision Points

15. Organic Compounds with functional Groups Containing Nitrogen (Nitro, Amino, Cyano and Diazo Compounds)

Study Plan - 15 Days  - 7 to 21 November

Core Revision Points

16. Polymers

Study Plan - 10 Days  - 22 to 30 November, 1 December

Core Revision Points

17. Biomolecules

Study Plan - 10 Days  - 2 to 11 December

Core Revision Points

18. Chemistry in Everyday Life

Study Plan - 10 Days  - 12 to 21 December

Core Revision Points




23 May 2015

Thursday, May 21, 2015

17. Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Halogens - JEE Main - Core Points for Revision

Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.


Sections in the Chapter of Jauhar

17.1 Classification of halogen Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
17.2 Nomenclature of Haloalkanes
17.3 Nomenclature of Aryl Halides
17.4 isomerism in Haloalkanes
17.5 Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes
17.6 General Methods of Preparation of Haloarenes
17.7 Physical Properties of haloalkanes
17.8 Physical Properties of haloarenes
17.9 Nature of C-X Bond
17.10 Chemical Properties of Haloalkanes
17.11 Chemical Properties of Haloarenes
17.12 Some Commercially Important Compounds
17.13 Analysis and Difference Between Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Chapter 16. Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds - JEE Main Core Revision Points


Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.

Text Book Modern's abc of Chemistry CBSE Class XI

Sections in the chapter


16.1 Purification of Organic Compounds
16.2 Qualitative Analysis
16.3 Quantitative Analysis
16.4 Determination of Molecular Mass
16.5 Mass Spectrometer
16.6 Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
16.7 Modern Methods of Structural Elucidation

15. Hydrocarbons - JEE Main - Core Points for Revision

Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.


15.1 Classification of Hydrocarbons
15.2 Alkanes
15.3 Nomenclature of Alkanes
15.4 Conformations in Hydrocarbons
15.5 Preparation and Properties of Alkanes

Chemistry of Alkenes
15.6 Nomenclature of Alkenes
15.7 Isomerism in Alkenes
15.8 Stability of of Alkenes
15.9

Chemistry of Alkynes


15.10 Isomerism in Alkynes
15.11 Preparation and Properties of Alkynes

Chemistry of Alkadienes

15.12 Dienes
15.13 Stability of Conjugated Dienes
15.14 Delocalization of Electrons
15.15 Electrophilic addition to Conjugated Dienes

Chemistry of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

15.16 Arenes or Aromatic Hydrocarbons
15.17 Nomenclature
15.18 Stability and Structure of Benzene
15.19 Isomerism in Arenes
15.20 Aromaticity (Huckel Rule)
15.21 Sources of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
15.22 Preparation of Benzene and Its Homologues
15.23 Properties of Benzene and Its Homologues
15.24 Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Benzene
15.25 Directive Influence of Substituents and Their Effect on reactivity
15.26 Polynuclear Hydrocarbons

Chemistry of Petroleum and Petrochemicals

15.27 Petroleum and Composition of Crude Oil
15.28 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
15.29 Quality of Gasoline – Octane Number
15.30 LPG and CNG
15.31 Cracking and Reforming
15.32 Petrochemicals

JEE Main - Core Points for Revision - 10. Principles and Processes of Extraction of Elements


Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.


Sections in the chapter

1. Origin of Elements
2. Distrubution of elements on earth
3. Elements of biological world
4. Ocean as a source of elements
5. Modes of occurrence of metals
6. Occurrence of metal: Minerals and ores
7. Mineral wealth of India
8. Extraction of elements
9. Extraction of nonmetallic elements
10. Extraction of metals: Metallurgy
11. Thermodynamics of metallurgy

JEE Main - Core Points for Revision - 9. Redox Reactions



Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.


Sections in the Chapter

9.1 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
9.2 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions as Electrons Transfer reactions
9.3 Redox Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
9.4 Oxidation Number
9.5 Redox Reactions in Terms of Oxidation Number
9.6 Oxidation Number and Nomenclature
9.7 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
9.8 Indirect Redox Reactions – Electrochemical Cells
9.9 Representation of an Electrochemical Cell
9.10 Electrode Potential
9.11 E.M.F. or Cell Potential of a Cell
9.12 Measurement of Electrode Potentials
9.13 Electrochemical Series
9.14 Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions
9.15 Redox Reactions and Their Important Applications in Human Activity

JEE Main - Core Revision Points - 5. First Law of Thermodynamics and Chemical Energetics

Importance of  Core Revision Points: Core Revision Points are important because if you remember them strongly, many more points related to them will come out of your memory and help you to answer question and problems. Read them many times and make sure you remember them very strongly.


JEE Syllabus

Energetics:

First law of thermodynamics;
Internal energy, work and heat,
pressure-volume work;
Enthalpy,
Hess's law;
Heat of reaction, fusion and vapourization;
Second law of thermodynamics;
Entropy;
Free energy;
Criterion of spontaneity.
------------------


Sections in the Chapter - Jauhar

5.1 Some Basic Terms and Concepts
5.2 Modes of Transference of Energy between System and Surroundings
5.3 Internal Energy and Internal Energy Change
5.4 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
5.5 Law of Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics
5.6 Enthalpy and Enthalpy change
5.7 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
5.8 Heat Capacity
5.9 Measurement of Internal Energy (Delta U) and enthalpy (Delta H) of a Reaction
5.10 Thermochemical Equations
5.11 Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions
5.12 Enthalpy of Formation
5.13 enthalpy of Combustion
5.14 Enthalpy of Neutralization
5.15 Enthalpy of phase Transitions
5.16 Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation
5.17 Bond Enthalpy
5.18 Sources of Energy
5.19 Alternative Energy Sources



5.1 Some Basic Terms and Concepts
5.2 Modes of Transference of Energy between System and Surroundings
5.3 Internal Energy and Internal Energy Change
5.4 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
5.5 Law of Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics;

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

U = q + w

Internal energy of matter is equal to kinetic energy and potential energy.

The change in internal energy is equal to heat transferred and work done between the system and the surroundings.

Pressure volume work: If the pressure is constant and the matter expands, the work done is given by p * change in volume. This in termed as pressure volume work.

Enthalpy = U + pv

5.6 Enthalpy and Enthalpy change
5.7 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
5.8 Heat Capacity
5.9 Measurement of Internal Energy (Delta U) and enthalpy (Delta H) of a Reaction
5.10 Thermochemical Equations
5.11 Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions
5.12 Enthalpy of Formation
5.13 enthalpy of Combustion
5.14 Enthalpy of Neutralization
5.15 Enthalpy of phase Transitions

5.16 Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation

Hess's Law

Hess's Law states that the enthalpy change for a reaction that occurs in many steps is the same as if it occurred in one step. Another way to put this is if several reactions add up to some total reaction, then their enthalpy changes will add up to the enthalpy change for the total reaction.

5.17 Bond Enthalpy
5.18 Sources of Energy
5.19 Alternative Energy Sources








First law of thermodynamics;

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

U = q + w

Internal energy of matter is equal to kinetic energy and potential energy.

The change in internal energy is equal to heat transferred and work done between the system and the surroundings.

Pressure volume work: If the pressure is constant and the matter expands, the work done is given by p * change in volume. This in termed as pressure volume work.

Enthalpy = U + pv

Hess's Law

Hess's Law states that the enthalpy change for a reaction that occurs in many steps is the same as if it occurred in one step. Another way to put this is if several reactions add up to some total reaction, then their enthalpy changes will add up to the enthalpy change for the total reaction.

Monday, May 11, 2015

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