Ch.27 Aldehydes and Ketones - Core Points for Review

syllabus

Aldehydes and Ketones:
oxidation,
reduction,
oxime and
hydrazone formation;
aldol condensation,
Perkin reaction;
Cannizzaro reaction;
haloform reaction and
nucleophilic addition reactions (Grignard addition);
--------
Aldehydes contain carbonyl group C=O as functional group and the carbonyl atom carries at least one H atom.

Ketones

In ketones, also carbonyl group C=O is the functional group. But the carbonyl carbon does not contain any H atoms, but it is attached to two alkyl or aryl groups.


Getting an aldehyde from methylbenzene - by oxidation

Getting ketone from alcohols - By oxidation of secondary alcohols


Aldehydes and ketones are polar molecules because the C=O bond has a
dipole moment:

• Their polarity makes aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than
alkenes of similar molecular weight.

Oxidation

Carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones may be oxidized to form
compounds at the next “oxidation level”, that of carboxylic acids


Addition Using Grignard Reagents• Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols may be formed in the reactions of
aldehydes or ketones with Grignard reagents.